{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T03:31:25Z","timestamp":1764905485749},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,3]],"date-time":"2013-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1357171200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The intra-erythrocytic protozoan<jats:italic>Babesia bovis<\/jats:italic>is an economically important pathogen that causes an acute and often fatal infection in adult cattle. Babesiosis limitation depends on the early activation of macrophages, essential cells of the host innate immunity, which can generate an inflammatory response mediated by cytokines and nitric oxide (NO). Herein, we demonstrate in bovine macrophages that lipids from<jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic>attenuated R1A strain (L<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>) produced a stronger NO release, an early TNF<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>mRNA induction and 2-fold higher IL-12p35 mRNA levels compared to the lipids of virulent S2P strain (L<jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>). Neither L<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>nor L<jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>induced anti-inflammatory IL-10. Regarding signalling pathways, we here report that L<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>induced a significant phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1\/2) whereas L<jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>only induced a reduced activation of ERK1\/2. Besides, NF-<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B was activated by L<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>and L<jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>, but L<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>produced an early degradation of the inhibitor I<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B. Interestingly, L<jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>and the majority of its lipid fractions, exerted a significant inhibition of concanavalin A-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation with respect to L<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>and its corresponding lipid fractions. In addition, we determined that animals infected with R1A developed a higher increase in IgM anti-phosphatidylcholine than those inoculated with S2P. Collectively, S2P lipids generated a decreased inflammatory response contributing to the evasion of innate immunity. Moreover, since R1A lipids induced a pro-inflammatory profile, we propose these molecules as good candidates for immunoprophylactic strategies against babesiosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003118201200193x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,3]],"date-time":"2013-01-03T14:23:29Z","timestamp":1357223009000},"page":"530-540","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["<i>Babesia bovis:<\/i>lipids from virulent S2P and attenuated R1A strains trigger differential signalling and inflammatory responses in bovine macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"GIMENEZ","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. L.","family":"BELAUNZAR\u00c1N","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. 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