{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T19:43:40Z","timestamp":1793475820886,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]],"date-time":"2013-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374192000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Trichomonas gallinae<\/jats:italic>is an emerging pathogen in wild birds, linked to recent declines in finch (Fringillidae) populations across Europe. Globally, the main hosts for this parasite are species of Columbidae (doves and pigeons); here we carry out the first investigation into the presence and incidence of<jats:italic>Trichomonas<\/jats:italic>in four species of Columbidae in the UK, through live sampling of wild-caught birds and subsequent PCR. We report the first known UK cases of<jats:italic>Trichomonas<\/jats:italic>infection in 86% of European Turtle Doves<jats:italic>Streptopelia turtur<\/jats:italic>sampled, along with 86% of Eurasian Collared Doves<jats:italic>Streptopelia decaocto<\/jats:italic>, 47% of Woodpigeons<jats:italic>Columba palumbus<\/jats:italic>and 40% of Stock Doves<jats:italic>Columba oenas<\/jats:italic>. Birds were more likely to be infected if the farm provided supplementary food for gamebirds. We found three strains of<jats:italic>T. gallinae<\/jats:italic>and one strain clustering within the<jats:italic>Trichomonas tenax<\/jats:italic>clade, not previously associated with avian hosts in the UK. One<jats:italic>T. gallinae<\/jats:italic>strain was identical at the ITS\/5.8S\/ITS2 ribosomal region to that responsible for the finch trichomonosis epizootic. We highlight the importance of increasing our knowledge of the diversity and ecological implications of<jats:italic>Trichomonas<\/jats:italic>parasites in order further to understand the sub-clinical impacts of parasite infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182013000887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]],"date-time":"2013-07-19T10:29:38Z","timestamp":1374229778000},"page":"1368-1376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Trichomonad parasite infection in four species of Columbidae in the UK"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"ROSIE J.","family":"LENNON","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JENNY C.","family":"DUNN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JENNIFER E.","family":"STOCKDALE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SIMON J.","family":"GOODMAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANTONY J.","family":"MORRIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KEITH C.","family":"HAMER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.3.399"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-34.3.590"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870301500104"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref6","unstructured":"Bart\u00f3n K. (2012). MuMIn: Multi-model inference. R package version 1.7.7. http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=MuMIn."},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2435.1999.00319.x"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.01.023"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-011-0696-8"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870101300309"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref35","volume-title":"Ringers\u2019 Manual","author":"Redfern","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012215"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref38","unstructured":"Risely K. , Massimino D. , Johnston A. , Newson S. E. , Eaton M. A. , Musgrove A. J. , Noble D. G. , Procter D. and Baillie S. R. (2012). The Breeding Bird Survey 2011. BTO Research Report 624. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford, UK."},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001212"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1648\/0273-8570-71.1.159"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3273412"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.33899\/ijvs.2009.5731","article-title":"Prevalence of avian trichomoniasis in different species of pigeons in Mosul","volume":"23","author":"Al-Bakry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr121"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0130"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.30.2.465-472.1992","article-title":"Development of a polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"30","author":"Riley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00063657.2012.725710"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.09.032"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-30.3.457"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-004-0043-2"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2007.01.002"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref5","volume-title":"Identification Guide to European Non-Passerines","author":"Baker","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1474-919X.2003.00185.x"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.3.1165-1168.2006"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref12","volume-title":"Model Selection and Multi-Model Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach","author":"Burnham","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2007.09.008"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1585.1"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.2.1005-1006.2005"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref34","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2012"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref23","unstructured":"Hall T. (2005). BioEdit: biological sequence alignment editor for Win95\/98\/NT\/2K\/XP. Ibis Biosciences, Carlsbad, CA, USA. http:\/\/www.mbio.ncsu.edu\/BioEdit\/bioedit."},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.04.004"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref31","volume-title":"Valoraci\u00f3n de la sensibilidad del protozoo a diferentes derivados imidaz\u00f3licos","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450902912135"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref43","first-page":"368","article-title":"Trichomonas gallinae: a review","volume":"3","author":"Stabler","year":"1954","journal-title":"Parasitological Reviews"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/9905-082311-Case.1"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref13","first-page":"350","article-title":"First detection of Trichomonas tenax in dog and cat by PCR-RFLP","volume":"45","author":"Cielecka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2005.04.005"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005008000"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0215-y"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.04.015"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.143.5.142"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.2913"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2006.00561.x"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.06.007"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1964.tb03694.x"},{"key":"S0031182013000887_ref47","unstructured":"Veterinary Laboratories Agency (2009). Wildlife Diseases in the UK Reported in the Years 2002\u20132009. VLA on behalf of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and the World Organisation for Animal Health, Weybridge, UK."}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182013000887","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T07:23:45Z","timestamp":1596180225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182013000887\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182013000887"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182013000887","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]]}}}