{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T19:40:05Z","timestamp":1788550805088,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]],"date-time":"2013-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375833600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Avian trichomonosis, caused by the flagellated protozoan <jats:italic>Trichomonas gallinae<\/jats:italic>, is a recently emerged infectious disease of British passerines. The aetiological agent, a clonal epidemic strain of the parasite, has caused unprecedented finch mortality and population-level declines in Britain and has since spread to continental Europe. To better understand the potential origin of this epidemic and to further investigate its host range, <jats:italic>T. gallinae<\/jats:italic> DNA extracts were collected from parasite culture and tissue samples from a range of avian species in Britain. Sequence typing at the ITS1\/5.8S rRNA\/ITS2 region resolved three distinct ITS region types circulating in free-ranging British birds. Subtyping by sequence analyses at the Fe-hydrogenase gene demonstrated further strain variation within these ITS region types. The UK finch epidemic strain was preponderant amongst columbids sampled, however, wide strain diversity was encountered in isolates from a relatively small number of pigeons, suggesting further strains present in columbid populations across the UK are yet to be identified. Fe-hydrogenase gene sequence data in isolates from birds of prey with disease were predominantly identical to the UK finch epidemic strain, demonstrating its presence as a virulent strain in UK birds of prey since at least 2009.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182013000930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]],"date-time":"2013-08-07T08:29:45Z","timestamp":1375864185000},"page":"1234-1245","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["The finch epidemic strain of <i>Trichomonas gallinae<\/i> is predominant in British non-passerines"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"JEAN F.","family":"CHI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"BECKI","family":"LAWSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CHRIS","family":"DURRANT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KATIE","family":"BECKMANN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SHINTO","family":"JOHN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ABDULWAHED F.","family":"ALREFAEI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KIM","family":"KIRKBRIDE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DIANA J.","family":"BELL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANDREW A.","family":"CUNNINGHAM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KEVIN M.","family":"TYLER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr121"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404206101"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref23","first-page":"406","article-title":"The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees","volume":"4","author":"Saitou","year":"1987","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012215"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-011-0696-8"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.06.007"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.04.004"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.04.015"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1585.1"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref11","first-page":"391","article-title":"Trichomoniasis in finches from the Canadian Maritime provinces \u2013 an emerging disease","volume":"51","author":"Forzan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00063659509477174"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-24.1.80"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(02)00388-8"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref24","first-page":"89","article-title":"Prevalence of trichomoniasis in domestic and wild pigeons and its effects on hematological parameters","volume":"28","author":"Saleem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pakistan Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.01.023"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(54)90035-1"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2007.01.002"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref21","first-page":"433","article-title":"Epidemic mortality in greenfinches at feeder stations caused by Trichomonas gallinae \u2013 a recent problem in Northern Germany","volume":"54","author":"Peters","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kleintierpraxis"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/8952-060509-Case.1"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132894"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30136920"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0130"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450902912135"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref2","unstructured":"Baillie S. R. , Marchant J. H. , Leech D. I. , Renwick A. R. , Joys A. C. , Noble D. G. , Barimore C. , Conway G. J. , Downie I. S. , Risely K. and Robinson R. A. (2010). Breeding Birds in Wider Countryside: their Conservation Status. BTO Research Report No. 565. British Trust of Ornithology, Thetford, UK."},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-36.3.551"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.05.029"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001212"},{"key":"S0031182013000930_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-34.3.590"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182013000930","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]],"date-time":"2019-04-23T20:14:59Z","timestamp":1556050499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182013000930\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182013000930"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182013000930","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]]}}}