{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T17:38:41Z","timestamp":1762623521015},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,26]],"date-time":"2013-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385424000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is well established that visceral leishmaniasis (VL; also known as Kala azar) causes immunosuppression, and a successful drug treatment is associated with the development of cell-mediated immunity. Therefore combining a drug with an immune enhancer can provide a better approach for the treatment of the disease. Keeping this in mind, the <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> antileishmanial efficacy of immunochemotherapy was evaluated with the use of a 78\u00a0kDa antigen with or without monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL-A) along with a traditional drug sodium stibogluconate (SSG) in <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> infected BALB\/c mice. Mice were infected intracardially with promastigotes of <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>, and 30 days after infection, these animals were given specific immunotherapy (78\u00a0kDa\/78\u00a0kDa+MPL-A) or chemotherapy (SSG) or immunochemotherapy (SSG+78\u00a0kDa\/SSG+78\u00a0kDa+MPL-A). Animals were euthanased on 1, 15 and 30 post-treatment days. The antileishmanial potential of the immunochemotherapy was revealed by significant reduction in the parasite burden (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b7001). These animals were also found to exhibit increased delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, higher IgG2a levels, lower IgG1 levels and greater cytokine (IFN-<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> and IL-2) concentrations compared with chemotherapy or immunotherapy alone, pointing towards the generation of a strong protective (Th1) type of immune response. Immunochemotherapy with SSG+78\u00a0kDa+MPL-A was found to be most effective in protecting mice against VL and therefore can be an alternative option for treatment of VL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182013001959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,26]],"date-time":"2013-11-26T11:17:54Z","timestamp":1385464674000},"page":"554-562","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Studies on the protective efficacy of second-generation vaccine along with standard antileishmanial drug in <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i> infected BALB\/c mice"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"JYOTI","family":"JOSHI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SUKHBIR","family":"KAUR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182013001959_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001629"},{"key":"S0031182013001959_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/6.4.567"},{"key":"S0031182013001959_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.05.008"},{"key":"S0031182013001959_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.01.015"},{"key":"S0031182013001959_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.08.006"},{"key":"S0031182013001959_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.8.2513-2517.2003"},{"key":"S0031182013001959_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.024"},{"key":"S0031182013001959_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldl003"},{"key":"S0031182013001959_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.2001.4640"},{"key":"S0031182013001959_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822006000100003"},{"key":"S0031182013001959_ref16","first-page":"159","article-title":"Immunotherapy as a treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis: preliminary studies in Brazil","volume":"34","author":"Mayrink","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parasitologia"},{"key":"S0031182013001959_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0301-1"},{"key":"S0031182013001959_ref14","first-page":"345","article-title":"Acquisition of cell-mediated immunity to Leishmania. 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