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A complex co-evolution has occurred between these parasites and primates that led to the emergence of trypanosome-specific defences and counter-measures. The first line of defence in humans and several other<jats:italic>catarrhine<\/jats:italic>primates is the trypanolytic protein apolipoprotein-L1 (APOL1) found within two serum protein complexes, trypanosome lytic factor 1 and 2 (TLF-1 and TLF-2). Two sub-species of<jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>have evolved specific mechanisms to overcome this innate resistance,<jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>. In<jats:italic>T. b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>, the presence of the serum resistance associated (<jats:italic>SRA<\/jats:italic>) gene, a truncated variable surface glycoprotein (VSG), is sufficient to confer resistance to lysis. The resistance mechanism of<jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic>is more complex, involving multiple components: reduction in binding affinity of a receptor for TLF, increased cysteine protease activity and the presence of the truncated VSG,<jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic>-specific glycoprotein (<jats:italic>TgsGP<\/jats:italic>). In a striking example of co-evolution, evidence is emerging that primates are responding to challenge by<jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>T. b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>, with several populations of humans and primates displaying resistance to infection by these two sub-species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182014000602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]],"date-time":"2014-06-26T13:09:02Z","timestamp":1403788142000},"page":"S108-S119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["A co-evolutionary arms race: trypanosomes shaping the human genome, humans shaping the trypanosome genome"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"PAUL","family":"CAPEWELL","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANNELI","family":"COOPER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CAROLINE","family":"CLUCAS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"WILLIAM","family":"WEIR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANNETTE","family":"MACLEOD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182014000602_ref57a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.5.1.132-139.2006"},{"key":"S0031182014000602_ref20","first-page":"134","article-title":"Epidemiological studies on the animal reservoir of gambiense sleeping sickness. 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