{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:14:36Z","timestamp":1790075676257,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,27]],"date-time":"2014-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409097600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Within the World Health Organization 2012\u20132020 roadmap for control and elimination of schistosomiasis, the scale-up of mass drug administration with praziquantel is set to change the epidemiological landscape across Africa and Arabia. Central in measuring progress is renewed emphasis upon diagnostics which operate at individual, community and environmental levels by assessing reductions in disease, infections and parasite transmission. However, a fundamental tension is revealed between levels for present diagnostic tools, and methods applied in control settings are not necessarily adequate for application in elimination scenarios. Indeed navigating the transition from control to elimination needs careful consideration and planning. In the present context of control, we review current options for diagnosis of schistosomiasis at different levels, highlighting several strengths and weaknesses therein. Future challenges in elimination are raised and we propose that more cost-effective diagnostics and clinical staging algorithms are needed. Using the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as a contemporary example, embedding new diagnostic methods within the primary care health system is discussed with reference to both urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182014001152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,27]],"date-time":"2014-08-27T09:47:26Z","timestamp":1409132846000},"page":"1947-1961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Diagnostics for schistosomiasis in Africa and Arabia: a review of present options in control and future needs for elimination"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"J. RUSSELL","family":"STOTHARD","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MICHELLE C.","family":"STANTON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AMAYA L.","family":"BUSTINDUY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JOS\u00c9 C.","family":"SOUSA-FIGUEIREDO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GOVERT J.","family":"VAN DAM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MARTHA","family":"BETSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DAVID","family":"WATERHOUSE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"STEVE","family":"WARD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"FIONA","family":"ALLAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AMIR A.","family":"HASSAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MOHAMMAD A.","family":"AL-HELAL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ZIAD A.","family":"MEMISH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DAVID","family":"ROLLINSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref104","volume-title":"Schistosomiasis: Progress Report 2001\u20132011 and Strategic Plan 2012\u20132020","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref103","volume-title":"Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis: Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.09.010"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref100","first-page":"203","article-title":"Leishmaniasis, malaria and schistosomiasis in Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"Warrell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Saudi Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.08.020"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991600"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.06.007"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000938"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.02.009"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2008.09.010"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.11.004"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90421-9"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-298"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2009.209"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02522.x"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001864"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000526"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001746"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.12.024"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.11.015"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.04.013"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02407.x"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001626"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001549"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-153"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt491"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001806"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref59","first-page":"108","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni cercariae detection in water samples using dead-end ultrafiltration and PCR","volume":"83","author":"Mull","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref58","first-page":"520","article-title":"Clinicopathological patterns and distribution of schistosomiasis in Asir Region","volume":"22","author":"Morad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Saudi Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0216"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-013-0329-1"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091144"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0104"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref50a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013002266"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Report on the results of the bilharzia mission in Egypt, 1915, Part I. Transmission","volume":"25","author":"Leiper","year":"1915","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.04.010"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/d5135174-e4ff-44c6-9c04-17c072a4fd0b"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2013.844066"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01219-13"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.10.019"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPQR0ELSAAWJHW"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001475"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0208"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.40.613"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011001016"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.12.003"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90406-2"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.278","article-title":"Morbidity indicators of Schistosoma mansoni: relationship between infection and anemia in Ugandan schoolchildren before and after praziquantel and albendazole chemotherapy","volume":"75","author":"Koukounari","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2007.01.198"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009990400"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref26","volume-title":"Bilharzia: A History of Imperial Tropical Medicine","author":"Farley","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70250-0"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2013.97"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-29"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002431"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.11.003"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-012-0305-4"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0552"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009005940"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01446.x"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0059"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0307"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.01.003"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136485905X51292"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X10000568"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1997.11813218"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0764"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2005305"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001008046"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.04.003"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002377"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2012.747496"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.11.101"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.12.012"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.765","article-title":"Large-scale, polymerase chain reaction-based surveillance of Schistosoma haematobium DNA in snails from transmission sites in coastal Kenya: a new tool for studying the dynamics of snail infection","volume":"71","author":"Hamburger","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0361"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002542"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002106"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70001-5"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009006350"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt077"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0646"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.07.013"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.11.002"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009990412"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2011.10.008"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475513490422"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.07.002"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482295184","volume-title":"Freshwater Snails of Africa and their Medical Importance","author":"Brown","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0642"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001213"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.02.001"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.03.024"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.12.013"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002807"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/cli.13.128"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.02.005"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.01.004"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.06.006"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immbio.2013.03.005"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00121-2"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2013.811931"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462414523743"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.06.017"},{"key":"S0031182014001152_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0639"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182014001152","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,23]],"date-time":"2020-08-23T19:25:19Z","timestamp":1598210719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182014001152\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,27]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182014001152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182014001152","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2014\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}