{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:38:12Z","timestamp":1790645892009,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,9]],"date-time":"2014-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412812800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is mainly caused by<jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Leishmania tropica<\/jats:italic>parasites. Diagnosis of CL is predominately made by clinicians, who at times fail to detect the disease and are unable to identify parasite species. Here, we report the development of a chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CL-ELISA) to measure the levels of anti-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>-galactosyl antibodies in human sera. Using this assay, we have found that individuals infected with either<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>spp. had significantly elevated levels (up to 9-fold higher) of anti-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>-Gal IgG compared to healthy control individuals. The assay sensitivity was 96% for<jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>(95% CI; 94\u201398%) and 91% for<jats:italic>L. tropica<\/jats:italic>(95% CI; 86\u201398%) infections and therefore equivalent to restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction analysis of parasite<jats:italic>ITS1<\/jats:italic>gene. In addition, the assay had higher sensitivity than microscopy analysis, which only detected 68 and 45% of the<jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>L. tropica<\/jats:italic>infections, respectively. Interestingly, up to 2 years following confirmed CL cure individuals had 28-fold higher levels of anti-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>-Gal IgG compared to healthy volunteers. Monitoring levels of anti-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>-Gal antibodies can be exploited as both a diagnostic tool and as a biomarker of cure of Old World CL in disease elimination settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182014001607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,9]],"date-time":"2014-10-09T09:49:18Z","timestamp":1412848158000},"page":"1898-1903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Detection of high levels of anti-<i>\u03b1<\/i>-galactosyl antibodies in sera of patients with Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis: a possible tool for diagnosis and biomarker for cure in an elimination setting"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"WALEED S.","family":"AL-SALEM","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DANIELA M.","family":"FERREIRA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"NAOMI A.","family":"DYER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ESSAM J.","family":"ALYAMANI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SALAH M.","family":"BALGHONAIM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AHMED Y.","family":"AL-MEHNA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SALEEM","family":"AL-ZUBIANY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EL-KEIR","family":"IBRAHIM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ALI M.","family":"AL SHAHRANI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HAMED","family":"ALKHUAILED","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MOHAMMED A.","family":"ALDAHAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ABDULAZIZ M.","family":"AL JARALLH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SAMER S.","family":"ABDELHADY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MOHAMMED H.","family":"AL-ZAHRANI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"IGOR C.","family":"ALMEIDA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ALVARO","family":"ACOSTA-SERRANO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182014001607_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.023"},{"key":"S0031182014001607_ref23","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Anti-alpha-galactosyl antibodies in chagasic patients. 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A family of novel galactofuranose-containing glycolipids","volume":"265","author":"McConville","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"S0031182014001607_ref18a","unstructured":"Hotez P. (2013). \u201cAleppo Evil\u201d : The Ulcer, the Boil, the Sandfly, and the Conflict. http:\/\/blogs.plos.org\/speakingofmedicine\/2013\/06\/05\/aleppo-evil\u0642\u0631\u062d\u0629\u062d\u0644\u0628the-ulcer-the-boil-the-sandfly-and-the-conflict\/."}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182014001607","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T04:50:28Z","timestamp":1689569428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182014001607\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,9]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182014001607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182014001607","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2014\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}