{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T06:08:05Z","timestamp":1789711685000,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]],"date-time":"2014-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414540800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Temperature is an important factor influencing the biology of organisms and is intrinsically linked to climate change. The establishment of trematodes in target hosts is potentially susceptible to temperature changes effecting parasite infectivity or host susceptibility, and therefore in order to develop predictive frameworks of host\u2013parasite dynamics under climate change large-scale analyses are required. The present study analyses the thermodynamics of the infectivity of larval trematodes including miracidia, cercariae and metacercariae from experimental data contained in the scientific literature using the Arrhenius critical incremental energy of activation (\n                    <jats:italic>E*<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), an accurate measure of temperature-driven reaction rates. For miracidia and cercariae, infectivity increases as the temperature rises reaching a plateau over optimal thermal ranges before declining at higher temperatures. In contrast, metacercarial infectivity is at its greatest at low temperatures, declining with increasing temperature.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182014001632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]],"date-time":"2014-10-29T03:02:02Z","timestamp":1414551722000},"page":"585-597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Thermodynamics of trematode infectivity"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"N. J.","family":"MORLEY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. W.","family":"LEWIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.2307\/3283845","article-title":"Species- and size-specific infection of snails by Cyclocoelum mutabile (Digenea: Cyclocoelidae)","volume":"81","author":"McKindsey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-62","first-page":"88","article-title":"Ecology of the larval and parthenite stages of Paramphistomum microbothrium. I. Effect of the temperature, UV rays and X-ray irradiation on the development of eggs","volume":"1","author":"Samnaliev","year":"1976","journal-title":"Khelmintologiia"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000049386"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-34","unstructured":"Lewis, J. W. (1976). Studies on the biology of Phyllodistomum folium from the Worcester\u2013Birmingham canal and the Water Gardens, Winterbourne. PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, UK."},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-55","volume-title":"Comparative Animal Physiology","author":"Prosser","year":"1973"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-28","first-page":"63","article-title":"Some enzymes of respiratory chain in metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica","volume":"49","author":"Humiczewska","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zoologica Poloniae"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-32","first-page":"614","article-title":"Effects of physico-chemical factors on the infection of hamsters by metacercariae of Opisthorchis viverrini","volume":"13","author":"Kruatrachue","year":"1982","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-9","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Thermobiology","author":"Brandts","year":"1967"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2011(70)90153-9","article-title":"Influence of temperature on survival rate and infectivity of miracidia of two species of Phyllodistomum trematoda to pelecypods","volume":"16","author":"Ubelaker","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of Invertebrate Pathology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012000960"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000049830","article-title":"Diplostomum spathaceum (Rud. 1819) \u2013 Effects of physical factors on the infection of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) by cercariae","volume":"93","author":"Stables","year":"1986","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002677","article-title":"Reversing the resistance phenotype of the Biomphalaria glabrata snail host Schistosoma mansoni infection by temperature modulation","volume":"8","author":"Ittiprasert","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(51)90003-3"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-39","unstructured":"McCarthy, A. M. (1989). The biology and transmission dynamics of Echinoparyphium recurvatum (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) . Ph.D. thesis. King's College, University of London, UK."},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118209900400X","article-title":"The influence of temperature on the survival and infectivity of the cercariae of Echinoparyphium recurvatum (Digenea: Echinostomatidae)","volume":"118","author":"McCarthy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-26","first-page":"193","article-title":"Temperature effect on susceptibility of four species of Lymnaea snails to infection with Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda)","volume":"28","author":"Gold","year":"1979","journal-title":"Israel Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1948.s1-28.645","article-title":"Biological studies on the miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"28","author":"Maldonado","year":"1948","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60575-8","article-title":"Genetic control of susceptibility and resistance in parasitic infection","volume":"16","author":"Wakelin","year":"1978","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1966.11686390","article-title":"Host\u2013parasite relationships in schistosomiasis. I.: the effect of temperature on the infection of Biomphalaria sudanica tanganyicensis with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia and of laboratory mice with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae","volume":"60","author":"Purnell","year":"1966","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(65)90019-6","article-title":"Effect of selected experimental conditions on penetration and maturation of Schistosoma mansoni in mice. I. Environmental","volume":"17","author":"Stirewalt","year":"1965","journal-title":"Experimental Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-27","volume-title":"General and Comparative Physiology","author":"Hoar","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-79","unstructured":"Wen, S.-T. (1961). The behaviour of the free-living stages of the larvae \u2013 miracidium and cercaria \u2013 of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, with special reference to their modes of host-finding and host-penetration . Ph.D. thesis. External, University of London."},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-65708-5_7","volume-title":"Temperature and Life","author":"Precht","year":"1973"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-72","first-page":"367","article-title":"The effect of water temperature on the penetration and development of St. Lucian Schistosoma mansoni miracidia in local Biomphalaria glabrata","volume":"4","author":"Upatham","year":"1973","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00027747"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-42","volume-title":"The Ecology of Human Skin","author":"Marples","year":"1965"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-73","first-page":"254","article-title":"Effects of physico-chemical factors on the infection of mice with Schistosoma japonicum and S. mekongi cercariae","volume":"15","author":"Upatham","year":"1984","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-8","first-page":"709","article-title":"The ecology of Fasciola hepatica with particular reference to its intermediate host in Australia","volume":"17","author":"Boray","year":"1963","journal-title":"Proceedings of the World Veterinary Congress"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-30","first-page":"108","article-title":"Comparative studies on the susceptible and non-susceptible Biomphalaria alexandrina the intermediate snail host of Schistosoma mansoni in western Saudi Arabia","volume":"2","author":"Jamjoom","year":"2007","journal-title":"World Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-4","first-page":"9","article-title":"The factors affecting metacercarial production of Fasciola gigantica from Lymnaea auricularia snails","volume":"37","author":"Al-Jibouri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Basrah Researches (Sciences)"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1538996"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012001783"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.02.006","article-title":"Analysis of trait mean and variability versus temperature in trematode cercariae: is there scope for adaptation to global warming?","volume":"44","author":"Studer","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011001272","article-title":"Thermodynamics of cercarial survival and metabolism in a changing climate","volume":"138","author":"Morley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3275694"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.2307\/3275916","article-title":"Some factors influencing the infectivity of the metacercariae of Posthodiplostomum minimum (Trematoda: Diplostomidae)","volume":"49","author":"Kellogg","year":"1963","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015178108"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1966.11686404","article-title":"Host parasite relationships in schistosomiasis. III. The effect of temperature on the survival of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia and on the survival and infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae","volume":"60","author":"Purnell","year":"1966","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030658"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005008693"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(85)90020-7","article-title":"Experimental observations on the transmission of Schistosoma margrebowiei miracidia","volume":"15","author":"Evans","year":"1985","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Temperature and living matter","volume":"8","author":"B\u011blehr\u00e1dek","year":"1935","journal-title":"Protoplasma Monographien"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-75","first-page":"383","article-title":"Relationship between respiration rate and temperature in Gastropods","volume":"27","author":"Vladimirova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biology Bulletin"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000064350"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1965.14.579","article-title":"Effects of temperature on penetration of mice by cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"14","author":"DeWitt","year":"1965","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00927521"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.01.007","article-title":"Temperature stress and parasitism of endothermic hosts under climate change","volume":"30","author":"Morley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000081920","article-title":"Effect of temperature on survival and infectivity of Echinostoma trivolvis cercariae: a test of the energy limitation hypothesis","volume":"111","author":"Pechenik","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.2307\/3282295","article-title":"The genetic variation of compatibility in Biomphalaria glabrata and Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"73","author":"Richards","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-35","first-page":"225","article-title":"Compatibility and host\u2013parasite relationships between species of the genus Bulinus (Basommatophora: Planorbidae) and an Egyptian strain of Schistosoma haematobium (Trematoda: Digenea)","volume":"11","author":"Lo","year":"1972","journal-title":"Malacologia"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-63","first-page":"77","article-title":"Ecology of the larval and parthenite stages of Paramphistomum microbothrium. III. The effect of temperature on the invasiveness of miracidia","volume":"7","author":"Samnaliev","year":"1979","journal-title":"Khelmintologiia"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08742","article-title":"Parasites and global warming: net effects of temperature on an intertidal host-parasite system","volume":"415","author":"Studer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X07818530","article-title":"Effects of temperature on the transmission and establishment of Echinoparyphium recurvatum (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) metacercariae in Lymnaea peregra (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)","volume":"81","author":"Morley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Helminthology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11205","article-title":"Reconciling the temperature dependence of respiration across timescales and ecosystem types","volume":"487","author":"Yvon-Durocher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-36","first-page":"166","article-title":"The host\u2013parasite relationship between the Saudi Arabian Schistosoma mansoni and its intermediate and definitive hosts. 2. Effects of temperature, salinity and pH on the infection of mice by S. mansoni cercariae","volume":"18","author":"Lwambo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(03)00117-X"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-64","first-page":"125","article-title":"The effects of temperature and age on the infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Part II","volume":"4","author":"Sirag","year":"1982","journal-title":"Sudan Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[0010:EOTOTI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the infectivity of metacercariae of Zygocotyle lunata (Digenea: Paramphistomidae)","volume":"87","author":"Ferrell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.09.001"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000055323","article-title":"Transmission of Schistosoma mansoni from man to snail: experimental studies of miracidial survival and infectivity in relation to larval age, water temperature, host size and host age","volume":"85","author":"Anderson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00401389","article-title":"Rate-temperature responses in scyphozoan medusa and polyps","volume":"15","author":"Mangum","year":"1972","journal-title":"Marine Biology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-10","first-page":"470","article-title":"Viability and infectivity of Paramphistomum metacercariae stored under different conditions","volume":"62","author":"Chadhri","year":"1985","journal-title":"Indian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-406X(70)90943-6","article-title":"Studies on the activity of the miracidium of the common liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica","volume":"32","author":"Wilson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.7.2.189","article-title":"On biological oxidations as function of temperature","volume":"7","author":"Crozier","year":"1924","journal-title":"Journal of General Physiology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024822225406","article-title":"The relationship of energy metabolism and body weight in bivalves (Mollusca: bivalvia)","volume":"30","author":"Vladimirova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biology Bulletin"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-66","first-page":"287","article-title":"Thermal effects on Schistosoma mansoni irradiation-attenuated vaccine production and administration","volume":"51","author":"Stek","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(55)90030-8","article-title":"Influence of temperature on penetration of snail hosts by Schistosoma mansoni miracidia","volume":"4","author":"DeWitt","year":"1955","journal-title":"Experimental Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3354\/dao073063","article-title":"Effect of temperature on emergence, survival and infectivity of cercariae of the marine trematode Renicola roscovita (Digenea: Renicolidae)","volume":"73","author":"Thieltges","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-25","volume-title":"Trematodes, their Life Cycles, Biology and Evolution","author":"Ginetsinskaya","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000064647","article-title":"The effects of age, temperature and shadow stimuli on activity patterns of the cercariae of Cryptocotyle lingua (Digenea: Heterophyidae)","volume":"111","author":"Rea","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01610059","article-title":"Metabolic adaptation of animals from different latitudes","volume":"9","author":"Vernberg","year":"1964","journal-title":"Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00010671","article-title":"Effect of water temperature on the ability of Diplostomum spathaceum miracidia to establish in Lymnaeid snails","volume":"65","author":"Waadu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Helminthology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-22","first-page":"289","article-title":"The effect of temperature on the development of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon 1907 in the intermediate host","volume":"67","author":"Foster","year":"1964","journal-title":"Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-59","first-page":"399","article-title":"Supervivencia e infectividad de las cercarias de Schistosoma bovis en relacion con la edad y la temperatura","volume":"44","author":"Ramajo Martin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Revista Iberica de Parasitologia"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991624","article-title":"The selection of experimental doses and their importance for parasite success in metacercarial infection studies","volume":"137","author":"Poulin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00007288"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-12","first-page":"131","article-title":"Host-parasite relationship of Bulinus truncates and Schistosoma haematobium in Iran. 3. Effect of water temperature on the ability of miracidia to infect snails","volume":"34","author":"Chu","year":"1966","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0031182014001632_manual_ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(73)90070-2"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182014001632","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T18:43:40Z","timestamp":1750445020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182014001632\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182014001632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182014001632","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2014\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}