{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:16:28Z","timestamp":1793297788956,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,3]],"date-time":"2015-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425340800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is well established that pregnant women are at an increased risk of<jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>infection when compared to non-pregnant individuals and limited epidemiological data suggest<jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>risk also increases with pregnancy. The risk of<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>declines with successive pregnancies due to the acquisition of immunity to pregnancy-specific<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>variants. However, despite similar declines in<jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>risk with successive pregnancies, there is a paucity of evidence<jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>-specific immunity. Cross-species immunity, as well as immunological and physiological changes that occur during pregnancy may influence the susceptibility to both<jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>. The period following delivery, the postpartum period, is relatively understudied and available epidemiological data suggests that it may also be a period of increased risk of infection to<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>spp. Here we review the literature and directly compare and contrast the epidemiology, clinical pathogenesis and immunological features of<jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>in pregnancy, with a particular focus on studies performed in areas co-endemic for both species. Furthermore, we review the intriguing epidemiology literature of both<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>postpartum and relate observations to the growing literature pertaining to malaria immunology in the postpartum period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182015000074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,3]],"date-time":"2015-03-03T05:35:34Z","timestamp":1425360934000},"page":"999-1015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Malaria and immunity during pregnancy and postpartum: a tale of two species"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"A. R. D.","family":"McLEAN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"ATAIDE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"SIMPSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. G.","family":"BEESON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. J. I.","family":"FOWKES","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2007.05.012"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref155","first-page":"330","article-title":"Placental pathologic changes in malaria. A histologic and ultrastructural study","volume":"109","author":"Walter","year":"1982","journal-title":"American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu219"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0150-1"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000770"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90632-9"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90422-0"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00071-12"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1975.tb105753.x","article-title":"Reticulocytes in healthy pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Traill","year":"1975","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu264"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5267.1502"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.53.2.393-397.1986","article-title":"Levels of antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface antigens reflect malaria transmission rates and are persistent in the absence of reinfection","volume":"53","author":"Druilhe","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.3.1603-1607.2004"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.28"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90314-1"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.42"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.458"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/8.6.905"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2006.10.001"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01129-08"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803225002688"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref129","first-page":"10","article-title":"Studies on malaria during pregnancy in a tribal area of central India (Madhya Pradesh)","volume":"29","author":"Singh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7017935"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref128","first-page":"6","article-title":"Prevalence of malaria among pregnant and non-pregnant women of district Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh","volume":"32","author":"Singh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Malariology"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref158","unstructured":"WHO (2011). Guideline: Vitamin A supplementation in postpartum women."},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1910.0075"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref159","unstructured":"WHO (2014). World Malaria Report."},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0981-7_12"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/651578"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.40.141"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref145","first-page":"364","article-title":"Intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight and prematurity in neonates of pregnant women with malaria in Colombia","volume":"44","author":"Tobon-Castano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601519103"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/427781"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/380646"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.451","article-title":"Prevalence and risk of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax Malaria among pregnant women living in the hypoendemic communities of the Peruvian Amazon","volume":"77","author":"Parekh","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002155"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319295"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1990.11812428"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09247-2"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90205-D"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040049"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-41"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90170-6"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.642","article-title":"A retrospective examination of reinfection of humans with Plasmodium vivax","volume":"70","author":"Collins","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02334-5"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-4"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040181"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.7.4112-4118.2005"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/654815"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000221"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref139","article-title":"Investigating the function of F-specific binding of IgM to Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 mediating erythrocyte rosetting","author":"Stevenson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cellular Microbiology"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200008313430901"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8525-0"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034509"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1103708108"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis566"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/586743"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.449","article-title":"Malaria in pregnancy in the Solomon islands: barriers to prevention and control","volume":"78","author":"Appleyard","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-82"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314899"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010807"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/tropmed.1999.61-036"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.22","article-title":"Antibodies among men and children to placental-binding Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes that express var2csa","volume":"77","author":"Beeson","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.8.4767-4771.2003"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.984","article-title":"Demographic risk factors for severe and fatal vivax and falciparum malaria among hospital admissions in northeastern Indonesian Papua","volume":"77","author":"Barcus","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00814-10"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002390"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115723"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.287.6387.251"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004953"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-8-6"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1211.060152"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.01.010"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.25100\/cm.v44i3.1193","article-title":"The effects of Plasmodium vivax gestational malaria on the clinical and immune status of pregnant women in Northwestern Colombia","volume":"44","author":"Yasnot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colomb Med (Cali)"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057890"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002403"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01333-07"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400325"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70339-5"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.10.5412-5415.2002"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90406-X"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-114"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522632"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(96)10060-0"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0406"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000218"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(03)00162-X"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/tropmed.1999.61-020"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408725102"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001934"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0669"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007000170"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.9.5903-5907.2005"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1993.tb00110.x"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/656413"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.007"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/599841"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343630"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-10"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/27570"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.6.3309"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.357"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01514-13"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.40.115"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/28901e80-13ad-4cae-99e8-8d54625743b6"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2011.213"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-397900-1.00003-7"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01635.x"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(00)80203-8"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.1.0680115","article-title":"Placental monocyte infiltrates in response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection and their association with adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"68","author":"Rogerson","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2012.02.023"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(85)90221-4"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70095-1"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.398","article-title":"The effects of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infections on placental histopathology in an area of low malaria transmission","volume":"70","author":"McGready","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1982.31.1291"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-12-541698"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/373994"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90066-3"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.f.205"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1980.29.151"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref78","article-title":"Differential patterns of infection and disease with P. falciparum and P. vivax in young Papua New Guinean children","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2011.01.007"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.391-393.2000"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70021-X"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref101","first-page":"207","article-title":"Effects of malaria infection on pregnancy","volume":"30","author":"Nair","year":"1993","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Malariology"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762004000100003"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007000121"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis614"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1984.33.517"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit083"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1987.tb03722.x"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1998053281"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03570.x"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.04.008"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref98","article-title":"High antibody responses against Plasmodium falciparum in immigrants after extended periods of interrupted exposure to malaria","volume":"8","author":"Moncunill","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1997.d01-966.x"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/653211"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1967.16.255"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0363"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.10.2527"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90295-X"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.2001.11813611"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-348"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062891"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2010.01.040"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-130"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822010000300018"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-113"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00025-08"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref130","first-page":"567","article-title":"Epidemiology of malaria in pregnancy in central India","volume":"77","author":"Singh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0285"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90102-9"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2012.11.030"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-5-1"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2005.12.007"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022491"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.02.006"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-275"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/71582"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.5.459"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/517412"},{"key":"S0031182015000074_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/380975"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182015000074","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,30]],"date-time":"2020-08-30T12:36:07Z","timestamp":1598790967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182015000074\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,3]]},"references-count":162,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182015000074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182015000074","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2015\u00a0This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}