{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:46:03Z","timestamp":1786999563909,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]],"date-time":"2015-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445558400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Sarcocystis neurona<\/jats:italic>\n                    are protozoan parasites with terrestrial definitive hosts, and both pathogens can cause fatal disease in a wide range of marine animals. Close monitoring of threatened southern sea otters (\n                    <jats:italic>Enhydra lutris nereis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in California allowed for the diagnosis of dual transplacental transmission of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. neurona<\/jats:italic>\n                    in a wild female otter that was chronically infected with both parasites. Congenital infection resulted in late-term abortion due to disseminated toxoplasmosis.\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. neurona<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA was amplified from placental tissue culture, as well as from fetal lung tissue. Molecular characterization of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    revealed a Type X genotype in isolates derived from placenta and fetal brain, as well as in all tested fetal organs (brain, lung, spleen, liver and thymus). This report provides the first evidence for transplacental transmission of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    in a chronically infected wild sea otter, and the first molecular and immunohistochemical confirmation of concurrent transplacental transmission of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. neurona<\/jats:italic>\n                    in any species. Repeated fetal and\/or neonatal losses in the sea otter dam also suggested that\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    has the potential to reduce fecundity in chronically infected marine mammals through parasite recrudescence and repeated fetal infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182015001377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]],"date-time":"2015-10-23T05:44:43Z","timestamp":1445579083000},"page":"276-288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Dual congenital transmission of\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Sarcocystis neurona<\/i>\n                    in a late-term aborted pup from a chronically infected southern sea otter (\n                    <i>Enhydra lutris nereis<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"143","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2678-3851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"KAREN","family":"SHAPIRO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MELISSA A.","family":"MILLER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANDREA E.","family":"PACKHAM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"BEATRIZ","family":"AGUILAR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PATRICIA A.","family":"CONRAD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ELIZABETH","family":"VANWORMER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MICHAEL J.","family":"MURRAY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5686.806-b"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/43.2.116"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.5.1276-1277.1997","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis due to maternal reinfection during pregnancy","volume":"35","author":"Gavinet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.12.020"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00069-3"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.03.007"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-141604047-7.50043-9"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref48","article-title":"Surveillance for Toxoplasma gondii in California mussels (Mytilus californianus) reveals transmission of atypical genotypes from land to sea","author":"Shapiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(75)80825-0"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.12.045"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002852"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.09.015"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00521-0"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.05.019"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1413-8670(10)70036-2"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0594:EOAIFA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[1029:DTIAMP]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284670"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.10.001"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007000194"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/595793"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-72-160537-0\/50033-5"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.04.014"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009990941"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2007.05.001"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.01.026"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.02.055"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1287"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118209700231X"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1972.tb03431.x"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.08.013"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589202900101"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-157-40039"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.3.495"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-08-205"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref23","first-page":"2131","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"67","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991065"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0021-75572010000100015"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0197:CTIAIP]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-48.2.394"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.1.398-400.2001"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1317-5"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3372"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.01.015"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2015.02.013"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00263-2"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70547-7"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref53","first-page":"761","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis due to maternal reinfection during pregnancy","volume":"18","author":"Valdes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archives De Pediatrie"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.11.012"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03330140038029"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2005.01040.x"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2372.1"},{"key":"S0031182015001377_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00411-3"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182015001377","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T23:56:49Z","timestamp":1599695809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182015001377\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182015001377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182015001377","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2015\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}