{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T18:18:53Z","timestamp":1790965133661,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]],"date-time":"2015-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445558400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Protozoan parasites<jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>(family: Trypanosomatidae) cause fatal visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and the infection relapses in apparently cured population as post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in the Indian subcontinent. In recent years co-infection of another Trypanosomatid parasite<jats:italic>Leptomonas<\/jats:italic>with<jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>during VL\/PKDL in this region has become prominent. The observation of clinically lesser-known insect parasite,<jats:italic>Leptomonas<\/jats:italic>in leishmaniasis is intriguing to researchers. The presence of Leishmania look alike<jats:italic>Leptomonas<\/jats:italic>in the cultures of clinical isolates of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>has been worrisome to those, who prefer to work with pure<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>cultures for drug and vaccine development or immune response studies. The exact implications of such a co-habitation, which might lead to a delay in the diagnostics of VL and elevate mortality, need a thorough investigation. Also whether<jats:italic>Leptomonas<\/jats:italic>is involved in leishmaniasis manifestation needs to be ascertained. Thus we are currently witnessing a new paradigm of a parasitic co-infection in VL\/PKDL cases in India and this review outlines various opportunities for further research in understanding such emerging co-infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182015001389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]],"date-time":"2015-10-23T09:44:41Z","timestamp":1445593481000},"page":"1657-1662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Implications of co-infection of<i>Leptomonas<\/i>in visceral leishmaniasis in India"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"ANGAMUTHU","family":"SELVAPANDIYAN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KAVITA","family":"AHUJA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"NITI","family":"PURI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANUJA","family":"KRISHNAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006000746"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.r00764-11"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12144"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref44","first-page":"129","article-title":"A comparative study of Leishmania Infantum of Infantile Kala Azar and Leptomonas (Herpetomonas) Ctenocephali Parasitic in the gut of the Dog Flea","volume":"40","author":"Tyzzer","year":"1919","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1974.tb03705.x"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref40","first-page":"331","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar): challenges ahead","volume":"123","author":"Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref39","article-title":"SOLiD sequencing of genomes of clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani from India confirm leptomonas co-infection and raise some key questions","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.07.009"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.69001"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.02.015"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90427-1"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199212000-00013"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.07.011"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0284-2014"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.8.6.688"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2015.03.017"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761998000400021"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04558.x"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0041-2014"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90441-9"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12556"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.15.6711"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref15","first-page":"113","article-title":"[Reactivity of GST-SAPA antigen of Trypanosoma cruzi against sera from patients with Chagas disease and leishmaniasis]","volume":"71","author":"Gil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Medicina (B Aires)"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/000349809X12554106963438"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-332"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/240512"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.62876"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.6.6.785"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002869"},{"key":"S0031182015001389_ref17","first-page":"3","article-title":"[Immunofluorescence assay with Crithidia luciliae for the detection of anti-DNA antibodies. 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