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Clinical manifestations can range from subclinical infection to very severe systemic disease. Leishmaniosis is categorized as a neglected tropical disease and the complex immune responses associated with<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>species makes therapeutic treatments and vaccine development challenging for both dogs and humans. In this review, we summarize innate and adaptive immune responses associated with<jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>infection in dogs, and we discuss the problems associated with the disease as well as potential solutions and the future direction of required research to help control the parasite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003118201600055x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,20]],"date-time":"2016-04-20T10:01:53Z","timestamp":1461146513000},"page":"95-115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Insights on adaptive and innate immunity in canine leishmaniosis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"SHAZIA","family":"HOSEIN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DAMER P.","family":"BLAKE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LAIA","family":"SOLANO-GALLEGO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003118201600055X_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2007.07.009"},{"key":"S003118201600055X_ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136749"},{"key":"S003118201600055X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(98)00169-1"},{"key":"S003118201600055X_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-6687-1-11"},{"key":"S003118201600055X_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.03.037"},{"key":"S003118201600055X_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12148"},{"key":"S003118201600055X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00294-3"},{"key":"S003118201600055X_ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12041"},{"key":"S003118201600055X_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.08.062"},{"key":"S003118201600055X_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.10.017"},{"key":"S003118201600055X_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.11.005"},{"key":"S003118201600055X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2011.03.001"},{"key":"S003118201600055X_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.06.029"},{"key":"S003118201600055X_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12264"},{"key":"S003118201600055X_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002729"},{"key":"S003118201600055X_ref196","volume-title":"Immunity to Parasites. 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