{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:13:09Z","timestamp":1792552389312,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,9]],"date-time":"2016-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465430400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Red fox (<jats:italic>Vulpes vulpes<\/jats:italic>) is the most widely distributed canid in the world and an important source of multiple zoonotic pathogens capable of causing life-threatening diseases, such as rabies and alveolar echinococcosis. Informing general public of potential risks related to foxes is becoming more important since the fox densities have increased in many countries and the species is colonizing urban areas in Europe and around the world with increasing pace, bringing zoonotic pathogens to the immediate neighbourhood of humans and their companion animals. The aim of this study was to examine the parasite fauna of red foxes in Estonia. We found in Estonian foxes a total of 17 endoparasite taxa, including ten zoonotic species. All the analysed individuals were infected and the average parasite species richness was 6\u00b737. However, the infection rates varied to a very large extent for different parasite species, ranging from 0\u00b79 to 91\u00b75%. Of zoonotic species, the highest infection rate was observed for<jats:italic>Alaria alata<\/jats:italic>(90\u00b77%),<jats:italic>Eucoleus aerophilus<\/jats:italic>(87\u00b76%) and<jats:italic>Uncinaria stenocephala<\/jats:italic>(84\u00b73%). The prevalence of tapeworm<jats:italic>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/jats:italic>, a causative agent for alveolar echinococcosis, was also relatively high (31\u00b75%), presenting a potential risk to human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182016001013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,9]],"date-time":"2016-06-09T10:11:13Z","timestamp":1465467073000},"page":"1450-1458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["<i>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/i>and other zoonotic parasites in red foxes in Estonia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"LEIDI","family":"LAURIMAA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EPP","family":"MOKS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EGLE","family":"SOE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HARRI","family":"VALDMANN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"URMAS","family":"SAARMA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182016001013_ref61","first-page":"153","article-title":"Helminths of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in the Askania Nova Biosphere Reserve (Ukraine)","volume":"41","author":"Zvegintsova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vestnik Zoologii"},{"key":"S0031182016001013_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.04.006"},{"key":"S0031182016001013_ref59","first-page":"349","article-title":"Alariosis \u2013 newly diagnosed trematodiasis","volume":"55","author":"Wasiluk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne"},{"key":"S0031182016001013_ref57","first-page":"93","article-title":"Population dynamics of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) after the disappearance of rabies in county Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, 1987\u20131992","volume":"32","author":"Vos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annales Zoologici Fennici"},{"key":"S0031182016001013_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2"},{"key":"S0031182016001013_ref55","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Status of Game Populations in Estonia and Proposal for Hunting in 2015","author":"Veeroja","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0031182016001013_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1511.090261"},{"key":"S0031182016001013_ref45","first-page":"153","article-title":"Parasite fauna of red foxes in Berlin (West)","volume":"104","author":"Sch\u00f6ffel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Berliner und M\u00fcnchener Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift"},{"key":"S0031182016001013_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.02.015"},{"key":"S0031182016001013_ref42","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2014"},{"key":"S0031182016001013_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115124"},{"key":"S0031182016001013_ref40","first-page":"58","article-title":"Self-declaration by Estonia on the recovery of its rabies-free status","volume":"3","author":"P\u00e4rtel","year":"2013","journal-title":"OIE Bulletin"},{"key":"S0031182016001013_ref37","unstructured":"Oja R. 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