{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:35:48Z","timestamp":1790638548194,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]],"date-time":"2016-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472515200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Small marine snails and abalone have been identified as high- and low-risk prey items, respectively, for exposure of threatened southern sea otters to <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>, a zoonotic parasite that can cause fatal encephalitis in animals and humans. While recent work has characterized snails as paratenic hosts for <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>, the ability of abalone to vector the parasite has not been evaluated. To further elucidate why abalone predation may be protective against <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> exposure, this study aimed to determine whether: (1) abalone are physiologically capable of acquiring <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>; and (2) abalone and snails differ in their ability to concentrate and retain the parasite. Abalone were exposed to <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> surrogate microspheres for 24 h, and fecal samples were examined for 2 weeks following exposure. Concentration of surrogates was 2\u20133 orders of magnitude greater in abalone feces than in the spiked seawater, and excretion of surrogates continued for 14 days post-exposure. These results indicate that, physiologically, abalone and snails can equally vector <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> as paratenic hosts. Reduced risk of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection in abalone-specializing otters may therefore result from abalone's high nutritional value, which implies otters must consume fewer animals to meet their caloric needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182016001359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]],"date-time":"2016-08-30T06:58:30Z","timestamp":1472540310000},"page":"1703-1712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Concentration and retention of <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> surrogates from seawater by red abalone (<i>Haliotis rufescens<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"KRISTEN C.","family":"SCHOTT","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"COLIN","family":"KRUSOR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. TIM","family":"TINKER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JAMES","family":"MOORE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PATRICIA A.","family":"CONRAD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2678-3851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"KAREN","family":"SHAPIRO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.05.019"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-296R"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps049057"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4711-9"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.01.040"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.3.495"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806449106"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref2","unstructured":"Allen B. , Callaway M. , Haaker P. , Kalvass P. , Karpov K. , Kashiwada J. , Lauermann A. , Moore J. , O'Leary J. , O'Reilly K. , Patyten M. , Ramsay J. , Rogers-Bennett L. , Skeen C. , Taniguchi I. , Tillman T. , Watters D. and Wine V. (2005). Abalone Recovery and Management Plan. Final Report to the California Fish and Game Commission. California Department of Fish and Game Marine Region Report. 363 pages. https:\/\/nrm.dfg.ca.gov\/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=29494&inline."},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2012.57.2.0449"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00069-3"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284205"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03251-12"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1972.tb03431.x"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00377371"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref43","unstructured":"Tinker M. T. , Tomoleoni J. , Weitzman B. , Staedler M. , Jessup D. , Murray M. , Miller M. , Burgess T. , Bowen L. , Miles K. , Thometz N. , Tarjan L. , Golson E. , Batac F. , Dodd E. , Berberich E. , Kunz J. , Bentall G. , Fujii J. , Nicholson T. , Newsome S. , Melli A. , LaRoche N. , MacCormick H. , Johnson A. , Henkel L. , Kreuder-Johnson C. and Conrad P. (2013). Sea otter population biology at Big Sur and Monterey California: investigating the consequences of resource abundance and anthropogenic stressors for sea otter recovery. Final Report to California Coastal Conservancy and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. US Geological Survey Project Report. 242 pages. https:\/\/www.fws.gov\/ventura\/docs\/species\/sso\/Big%20Sur%20Monterey%20Sea%20Otter%20Study%20Draft%20Report.pdf."},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.02.005"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4156.1058"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref46","first-page":"45","article-title":"Relationship between sea otter range expansion and red abalone abundance and size distribution in central California","volume":"80","author":"Wendell","year":"1994","journal-title":"California Fish and Game"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284082"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291403"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082477"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2012.01951.x"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00389487"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2009049"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref31","unstructured":"Oftedal O. , Ralls K. , Tinker M. T. and Green A. (2007). Nutritional constraints on the southern sea otter in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, and a comparison to sea otter populations at San Nicholas Island, California and Glacier Bay, Alaska. Final Report to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary and the Marine Mammal Commission. http:\/\/sanctuarysimon.org\/regional_docs\/monitoring_projects\/100263_report.pdf"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(98)00023-X"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00181-4"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.07.002"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2012.01760.x"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.03.007"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02109-08"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbl074"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2095.2008.00585.x"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605433"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3992\/jgb.2.4.46"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01435-10"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12927"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.06.053"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00263-2"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/15-0158.1"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709263105"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.09.061"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02713"},{"key":"S0031182016001359_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(2000)012<0026:WSIFRA>2.0.CO;2"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182016001359","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]],"date-time":"2019-04-18T17:10:03Z","timestamp":1555607403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182016001359\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182016001359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182016001359","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2016\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}