{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T11:35:33Z","timestamp":1789558533558,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,10]],"date-time":"2016-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476057600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The global seroprevalence of latent toxoplasmosis is estimated to be higher than 30%. The presence of slowly dividing parasites in tissue cysts located mainly in immunoprivileged organs was long considered asymptomatic. Recently, many studies have shown that latent<jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>infections could have serious impacts on human health. Here we ran a cross-sectional study in a population of 1486 volunteers. The results showed that 333 infected subjects scored worse than 1153 controls in 28 of 29 health-related variables. Similarly, they reported higher rates of 77 of a list of 134 disorders reported by at least 10 participants of the study. Toxoplasmosis was associated most strongly with musculoskeletal (<jats:italic>\u03c4<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b7107,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0\u00b70005), followed by neurological (<jats:italic>\u03c4<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b7088,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0\u00b70005), immune (<jats:italic>\u03c4<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b7085,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0\u00b70005), metabolic (<jats:italic>\u03c4<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b7079,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0\u00b70005), respiratory (<jats:italic>\u03c4<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b7068,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b70001), allergic (<jats:italic>\u03c4<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b7053,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b7004), digestive system (<jats:italic>\u03c4<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b7052,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b7004) and mental health disorders (<jats:italic>\u03c4<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b7050,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b7008). Results of the present cohort study, along with the previous data from many case-control studies or ecological studies suggest that latent toxoplasmosis represents a large and so far underrated public health problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182016001785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,10]],"date-time":"2016-10-10T12:32:13Z","timestamp":1476102733000},"page":"1974-1989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Impaired health status and increased incidence of diseases in<i>Toxoplasma<\/i>-seropositive subjects \u2013 an explorative cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"FLEGR","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Q.","family":"ESCUDERO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46255-0"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.1.55-66.2000"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/brbi.2001.0649"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2001.25500.x"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref61","first-page":"27","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection and its association with iodine deficiency in a residential school in a tribal area of Maharashtra","volume":"99","author":"Singh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref60","volume-title":"Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Siegel","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref57","first-page":"247","article-title":"[Possible interactions between Toxoplasma gondii infection and the presence of carcinomas of female genitalia and the breast]","volume":"31","author":"Sanchis-Belenguer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Revista Espanola de Oncologia"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.105"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023866"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199212033272306"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2012.668"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-2-8"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.04.003"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.425"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref39","first-page":"500","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and completed suicide in 20 European countries","volume":"69","author":"Ling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.07.008"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.10.002"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2015.056"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2011.03.014"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004801"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007004064"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(03)00075-9"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000066269"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-274"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.073635"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.01.007"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2010.010"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00647.x"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref62","first-page":"480","article-title":"Decreased level of novelty seeking in blood donors infected with Toxoplasma","volume":"26","author":"Skallov\u00e1","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology Letters"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs043"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.06.035"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt006"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207450903149217"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110878"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-985X.00193"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2010.017"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2009.09.007"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B-Methodological"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref13","first-page":"122","article-title":"Influence of chronic toxoplasmosis on some human personality factors","volume":"41","author":"Flegr","year":"1994","journal-title":"Folia Parasitologica"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990502"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0664"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbl050"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref54","first-page":"256","article-title":"Gastrointestinal tract abnormalities in autism, inflammatory bowel disease and many other clinical entities may be due to T. gondii infection","volume":"1","author":"Prandota","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Access Scientific Reports"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652012000600011"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.02.020"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/nqjhm.v20i1.57974"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i3.452"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31819f8cac"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2007.05.010"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003051"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028925"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003525"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref74","first-page":"78","article-title":"Population studies showing cross-reactivity of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies with antibodies to malignant cervical tissue antigens","volume":"71","author":"Vos","year":"1987","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12042"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090203"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.02.070"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.01.001"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref20","first-page":"224","article-title":"The relation of cortisol and sex hormone levels to results of psychological, performance, IQ and memory tests in military men and women","volume":"33","author":"Flegr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology Letters"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.08.001"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2015.041"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-13"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000076460"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2014.038"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref65","first-page":"17","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii as a cause of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"12","author":"Tomairek","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2005.2.221"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01815.x"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref12a","article-title":"Could contamination of data with misclassified individuals increase the probability of false positive results of statistical tests?","author":"Flegr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Figshare"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-72"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1290-7"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652012000200001"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2327-6924.12129"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(76)90142-5"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-2-11"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.01.003"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007624"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-985X.00191"},{"key":"S0031182016001785_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182016001785","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T21:17:42Z","timestamp":1718831862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182016001785\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,10]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182016001785"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182016001785","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2016\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}