{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:00:50Z","timestamp":1791820850381,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,20]],"date-time":"2016-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476921600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Paramphistomoids are ubiquitous and widespread digeneans that infect a diverse range of definitive hosts, being particularly speciose in ruminants. We collected adult worms from cattle, goats and sheep from slaughterhouses, and cercariae from freshwater snails from ten localities in Central and West Kenya. We sequenced<jats:italic>cox<\/jats:italic>1 (690 bp) and internal transcribed region 2 (ITS2) (385 bp) genes from a small piece of 79 different adult worms and stained and mounted the remaining worm bodies for comparisons with available descriptions. We also sequenced<jats:italic>cox<\/jats:italic>1 and ITS2 from 41 cercariae\/rediae samples collected from four different genera of planorbid snails. Combining morphological observations, host use information, genetic distance values and phylogenetic methods, we delineated 16 distinct clades of paramphistomoids. For four of the 16 clades, sequences from adult worms and cercariae\/rediae matched, providing an independent assessment for their life cycles. Much work is yet to be done to resolve fully the relationships among paramphistomoids, but some correspondence between sequence- and anatomically based classifications were noted. Paramphistomoids of domestic ruminants provide one of the most abundant sources of parasitic flatworm biomass, and because of the predilection of several species use<jats:italic>Bulinus<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>snail hosts, have interesting linkages with the biology of animal and human schistosomes to in Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182016001827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,20]],"date-time":"2016-10-20T09:54:02Z","timestamp":1476957242000},"page":"131-147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Loads of trematodes: discovering hidden diversity of paramphistomoids in Kenyan ruminants"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"MARTINA R.","family":"LAIDEMITT","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EVA T.","family":"ZAWADZKI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SARA V.","family":"BRANT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MARTIN W.","family":"MUTUKU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GERALD M.","family":"MKOJI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ERIC S.","family":"LOKER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst064"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005008437"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref78","volume-title":"The Freshwater Mollusca of Northern Africa: Distribution, Biogeography and Paleoecology","author":"Van Damme","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2144\/00291bm09","article-title":"Preparation of PCR-quality mouse genomic DNA with hot sodium hydroxide and tris (HotSHOT)","volume":"29","author":"Truett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref70","first-page":"165","article-title":"Ricostruzione del ciclo di vita di Paramphistomum clavula (N\u00e4smark, 1937), parassita dei ruminanti in Somalia","volume":"4","author":"Sobrero","year":"1962","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-2148-8"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282478"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref65","volume-title":"Handbook of Trematodes of North America north of Mexico","author":"Schell","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.11.023"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg180"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref2a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1459-0"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref1a","unstructured":"Nylander J. A. A. (2004). MrModeltest v2. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University."},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0108-y"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.09.005"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Molecular characterization of five digenetic trematode species from different hosts in Egypt","volume":"10","author":"Mansour","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Egyptian Society of Experimental Biology Journal"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2002030"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref53","unstructured":"Looss A. (1896). Recherches sur la faune parasitaire d'Egypte. In M\u00e9moires pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s \u00e0 l'Institut \u00e9gyptien, t. 3 Le Caire."},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000085383"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1095-8312.2003.00141.x"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2015.07.001"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851995878.0229"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851995878.0221"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00012220"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60159-1"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.06.006"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref3a","first-page":"92","article-title":"Molecular characterization of paramphistomes from cattle from matebeleland region (Zimbabwe) using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) and amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA)","volume":"5","author":"Sibula","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Bioresearch"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.1753"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.7313"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X11000125"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref31","first-page":"294","article-title":"DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates","volume":"3","author":"Folmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2014.07.046"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00009622"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Molecular analysis of selected paramphistome isolates from cattle in southern Africa","author":"Dube","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Helminthology"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pseudosuccinea columella: experimental co-infections of juvenile and pre-adult snails with the digeneans Calicophoron daubneyi and Fasciola hepatica","volume":"23","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Helminthology"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000018916"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00024792"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3117.1"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2010.01.004"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000053634"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2002132"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4595-8"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref8","volume-title":"A Field Guide to African Freshwater Snails, Southern African Species","author":"Brown","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.06.004"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1870.1"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.1995.1011"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006024128098"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000025543"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2003.11.027"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2008.03957.x"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471250953.bi0604s00"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003769"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.18295\/2075-0528.2628","article-title":"Laboratory studies on the prevalence and cercarial rhythms of trematodes from Bulinus truncatus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi snails from Khartoum State, Sudan","volume":"6","author":"Ahmed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3616-8"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref66","volume-title":"CRC Handbook of the Zoology of Amphistomes","author":"Sey","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0880:SOFSTT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1291"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.65.931"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.035"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851995878.0337"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.08.012"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000021934"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182015000827"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00931134"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(94)90165-1"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.08.027"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482295184","volume-title":"Freshwater Snails of Africa and their Medical Importance","author":"Brown","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00010983"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref15","unstructured":"De Groeve E. (2005). The late Cenozoic freshwater Mollusca of the Tugen Hills (Kenya): Taxonomy, palaeoecology and palaeozoogeography . MSc. Thesis. Gent: University of Gent, 117 pp."},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000019089"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.12-0389"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60175-X"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref10","first-page":"55","article-title":"Incidence of bovine paramphistomiasis in Kenya","volume":"36","author":"Cheruiyot","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref32","first-page":"181","article-title":"An introductory guide to the identification of cercariae from African freshwater snails with special reference to cercariae of trematode species of medical and veterinary importance","volume":"41","author":"Frandsen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851995878.0347"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00020551"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00357-5"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3002.1"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1354-8"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref81","first-page":"505","article-title":"Neotropical schistosomiasis: African affinities of the host snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda: Planorbidae)","volume":"60","author":"Woodruff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude des formes larvaires des tr\u00e9matodes au Congo belge et sp\u00e9cialement de la larve de Schistosoma Mansoni","volume":"22","author":"Fain","year":"1953","journal-title":"M\u00e9moires. Institut Royal Colonial Belge. Section des Sciences Naturelles et M\u00e9dicales"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2014041"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/s11687-008-0012-5"},{"key":"S0031182016001827_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000051994"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182016001827","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T18:26:45Z","timestamp":1749666405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182016001827\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,20]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182016001827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182016001827","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2016\u00a0This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}