{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T08:24:30Z","timestamp":1774686270055,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]],"date-time":"2016-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479686400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease, which needs improvements in drug development, mainly due to the toxicity, parasite resistance and low compliance of patients to treatment. Therefore, the development of new chemotherapeutic compounds is an urgent need. This opinion article will briefly highlight the feasible use of calpain inhibitors as leading compounds to search for new therapeutic options to treat leishmaniasis. The milestone of this approach is to take advantage on the myriad of inhibitors developed against calpains, some of which are in advanced clinical trials. The deregulated activity of these enzymes is associated with several pathologies, such as strokes, diabetes and Parkinson's disease, to name a few. In<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>, calpain upregulation has been associated to drug resistance and virulence. Whereas the difficulties in developing new drugs for neglected diseases are more economical than biotechnological, repurposing approach with compounds already approved for clinical use by the regulatory agencies can be an interesting shortcut to a successful chemotherapeutic treatment for leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003118201600189x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]],"date-time":"2016-11-21T11:40:56Z","timestamp":1479728456000},"page":"117-123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Why calpain inhibitors are interesting leading compounds to search for new therapeutic options to treat leishmaniasis?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"VITOR","family":"ENNES-VIDAL","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RUBEM FIGUEIREDO SADOCK","family":"MENNA-BARRETO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MARTA HELENA","family":"BRANQUINHA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ANDR\u00c9 LUIS SOUZA","family":"DOS SANTOS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CLAUDIA MASINI","family":"D'AVILA-LEVY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref54","volume-title":"Neglected Diseases","year":"2015"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.13.6687"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156802606776287081"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M600319-MCP200"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7516.572"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.87.287"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2144"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(91)90058-4"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543776.2014.993969"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b00267"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2011.02.025"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122844"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi100048y"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4914(01)02049-4"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018371"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq154"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543776.2011.568480"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90223-8"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the environmental diversity of kinetoplastid flagellates in the high-throughput DNA sequencing era","volume":"110","author":"d'Avila-Levy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm9004835"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136485910X12786389891641"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/JMN:20:3:357"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref3","first-page":"95","article-title":"Drug repurposing and human parasitic protozoan diseases","volume":"4","author":"Andrews","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm980325e"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-004-0272-8"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.31.841"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/815023"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201312067"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009005629"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2006.08.009"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2009.05.003"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087659"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks275"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2007.117","article-title":"Cysteine protease inhibitors reduce brain betaamyloid and beta-secretase activity in vivo and are potential Alzheimer's disease therapeutics","volume":"388","author":"Hook","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11088"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2030"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2003.09.033"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399409001252"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.5b00276"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00100-2"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.09.004"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref53","volume-title":"Control of the Leishmaniasis: Report of a Meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniasis","year":"2010"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1517\/13543776.2014.982534","article-title":"An updated patent review of calpain inhibitors (2012\u20132014)","volume":"25","author":"Donkor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr950025u"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-006-0171-y"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1468"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867311320250010"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2006.03.021"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref55","first-page":"134242","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of E-64-d, a selective calpain inhibitor, in experimental acute spinal cord injury","volume":"2015","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Research International"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01772203"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161206775474314"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.08.018"},{"key":"S003118201600189X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00163a002"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S003118201600189X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T08:30:39Z","timestamp":1657787439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S003118201600189X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S003118201600189X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s003118201600189x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2016\u00a0This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}