{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:08:46Z","timestamp":1791389326326,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]],"date-time":"2016-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480377600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the distribution of asymptomatic infection by<jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>in a metropolis in Brazil with different relative risks (RRs) for disease and risk factors associated with the infection, an ecological study was conducted using a Bayesian approach to estimate the RR of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) based on cases between 2008 and 2011. The areas were categorized and selected according to disease incidence: low (area-1), medium (area-2) and high (area-3). Cross-sectional study enrolling 935 children was used to estimate the prevalence of infection by<jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>. Volunteers from these three areas were tested for<jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>infection by ELISA (rK39 and soluble antigens). Infection prevalence rates were estimated and compared with the RR of disease. Multilevel logistic regression model evaluated the relationship between infection and the analysed variables. The RR of HVL was distributed heterogeneously in the municipality. The infection prevalence rates were: 34\u00b79% in area-1; 29\u00b73% in area-2; and 33\u00b76% in area-3, with no significant differences between these areas. The variables \u2018Presence of backyards in the neighbourhood\u2019 and \u2018Younger children\u2019 were associated with<jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>infection. We conclude that infection by<jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>affects a significant proportion of the infant population regardless of the RR of disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182016002134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]],"date-time":"2016-11-29T08:00:36Z","timestamp":1480406436000},"page":"546-556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["<i>Leishmania infantum<\/i>: illness, transmission profile and risk factors for asymptomatic infection in an endemic metropolis in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"LET\u00cdCIA HELENA","family":"DOS SANTOS MARQUES","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"IARA CAIXETA MARQUES","family":"DA ROCHA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ILKA AFONSO","family":"REIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GISELE MACEDO RODRIGUES","family":"DA CUNHA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EDWARD","family":"OLIVEIRA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"THAIS RIBEIRO","family":"PFEILSTICKER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"VALDELAINE ETELVINA MIRANDA","family":"DE ARA\u00daJO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MARIA HELENA FRANCO","family":"MORAIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANA","family":"RABELLO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MARI\u00c2NGELA","family":"CARNEIRO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/512683"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09609-5"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref20","volume-title":"Multilevel Statistical Models","author":"Goldstein","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001511"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.1.0680010","article-title":"Risk mapping of visceral leishmaniasis: the role of local variation in rainfall and altitude on the presence and incidence of kala-azar in eastern Sudan","volume":"68","author":"Elnaiem","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref31","first-page":"1801","article-title":"Prevalence of infection by Leishmania chagasi using ELISA (rK39 and CRUDE) and the Montenegro skin test in an endemic leishmaniasis area of Maranhao, Brazil","volume":"21","author":"Nascimento Mdo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cadernos de saude publica"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.20451"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.12.6919-6925.2002"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.02.007"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0325"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002540"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.943"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000584"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90227-0"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89101990000500003"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.4.639"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00116466"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1880"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001813"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001955"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref4","first-page":"713","article-title":"Maps of epidemiological rates: a Bayesian approach","volume":"14","author":"Assuncao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cadernos de saude publica"},{"key":"S0031182016002134_ref33","unstructured":"PBH (2014). 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