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There is currently no vaccine against any form of the disease approved in humans, and chemotherapy is the sole approach for treatment. Unfortunately, treatment options are limited to a small number of drugs, partly due to high cost and significant adverse effects. The other obstacle in leishmaniasis treatment is the potential for drug resistance, which has been observed in multiple endemic countries. Immunotherapy maybe another important avenue for controlling leishmaniasis and could help patients control the disease. There are different approaches for immunotherapy in different infectious diseases, generally with low-cost, limited side-effects and no possibility to developing resistance. In this paper, different immunotherapy approaches as alternatives to routine drug treatment will be reviewed against leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003118201600216x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,15]],"date-time":"2016-12-15T10:58:20Z","timestamp":1481799500000},"page":"497-507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Leishmaniasis and various immunotherapeutic approaches"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Y.","family":"TASLIMI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"ZAHEDIFARD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3384-2485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"RAFATI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003118201600216X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07214.x"},{"key":"S003118201600216X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90093-9"},{"key":"S003118201600216X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026660"},{"key":"S003118201600216X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/152741"},{"key":"S003118201600216X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2000.00278.x"},{"key":"S003118201600216X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1991.11.177"},{"key":"S003118201600216X_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002751"},{"key":"S003118201600216X_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.378","article-title":"Increase of NK cells and proinflammatory monocytes are associated with the clinical improvement of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis after immunochemotherapy with BCG\/Leishmania antigens","volume":"81","author":"Pereira","year":"2009","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S003118201600216X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks275"},{"key":"S003118201600216X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.09.071"},{"key":"S003118201600216X_ref6","first-page":"365","article-title":"Immunological correlates of cure in the first American cutaneous leishmaniasis patient treated by immunotherapy in Argentina. 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