{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T09:55:29Z","timestamp":1790502929814,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]],"date-time":"2017-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494374400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>In South America, visceral leishmaniasis is frequently caused by <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic> and, at an unknown frequency, by <jats:italic>Leishmania amazonensis<\/jats:italic>. Therefore, mixed infections with these organisms are possible. Mixed infections might affect the clinical course, immune response, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology of the disease. Here we describe the clinical course of mixed infections with <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> in a hamster model. We show that mixed infections are associated with more severe clinical disease than infection with <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> alone. In spleens with mixed infections, <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> outcompeted <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic> in the tissue, but not in culture from tissue. We found increased levels of IgG in animals infected with <jats:italic>L. infantum.<\/jats:italic> Although more than 30 bands were revealed in a Western blot, the highest immunogenicity was observed with proteins having molecular masses of 95 and 90 kDa, whereas proteins with molecular masses of lower than 50 kDa were reactive frequently with serum from hamsters infected with <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic>, and proteins with molecular masses of 80 and 70 kDa were reactive only with serum from hamsters infected with <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>. This finding has important implications regarding the biology of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> and humoral immune responses to infections with these organisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182017000464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]],"date-time":"2017-05-10T09:00:11Z","timestamp":1494406811000},"page":"1191-1202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Experimental mixed infection of <i>Leishmania<\/i> (<i>Leishmania<\/i>) <i>amazonensis<\/i> and <i>Leishmania<\/i> (<i>L<\/i>.) <i>infantum<\/i> in hamsters (<i>Mesocricetus auratus<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"JORDANNA LU\u00cdZA","family":"DE LIMA CELESTE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANA PAULA","family":"VENUTO 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