{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T20:45:25Z","timestamp":1790541925746,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]],"date-time":"2017-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496707200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The complexity of helminth macroparasites is reflected in the intricate network of host cell types that participate in the Type 2 immune response needed to battle these organisms. In this context, adaptive T helper 2 cells and the Type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 have been the focus of research for years, but recent work has demonstrated that the innate immune system plays an essential role. Some innate immune cells that promote Type 2 immunity are relatively abundant, such as macrophages and eosinophils. However, we now appreciate that more rare cell types including group 2 innate lymphoid cells, basophils, mast cells and dendritic cells make significant contributions to these responses. These cells are found at low frequency but they are specialized to their roles \u2013 located at sites such as the skin, lung and gut, where the host combats helminth parasites. These cells respond rapidly and robustly to worm antigens and worm-induced damage to produce essential cytokines, chemokines, eicosanoids and histamine to activate damaged epithelium and to recruit other effectors. Thus, a greater understanding of how these cells operate is essential to understand how the host protects itself during helminth infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182017000488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]],"date-time":"2017-06-06T07:17:01Z","timestamp":1496733421000},"page":"1288-1301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The role of rare innate immune cells in Type 2 immune activation against parasitic helminths"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"144","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1903-7570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"LAUREN M.","family":"WEBB","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ELIA D.","family":"TAIT WOJNO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1412663111"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401155"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8514"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2006.01.003"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3375"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1221064"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1003988107"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.3011"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu234"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2015.114"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref95","first-page":"339","article-title":"A2B adenosine receptor induces protective antihelminth type 2 immune responses","volume":"15","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"CHOM"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.08.011"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901841"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311668110"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0913510"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08636"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509070112"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.59"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003771"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082048"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.04.017"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121231109"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300974"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20112675"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072665"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801074105"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.2.747-753.2003"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2309"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130761"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.04.004"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.04.017"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.029"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0708452"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.09.005"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00436-12"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20120030"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3489"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri843"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1740"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.07.039"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051135"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3078"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004676"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.21507"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900692"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315854111"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3294"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121051109"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.028"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051615"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-07-289611"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052448"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.016"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20150235"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2012.02792.x"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160525"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3073"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12300"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000667"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400519"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.4.1704"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100734"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040035"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041033"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.06.017"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005374"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.10.031"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000612"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000393"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.4"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1231488100"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08900"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.11.014"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101859"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200691"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502218"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0347-3"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117584109"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2584"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.1.294","article-title":"Mice with a targeted deletion of the IgE gene have increased worm burdens and reduced granulomatous inflammation following primary infection with Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"158","author":"King","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, MD: 1950)"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3281"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090313"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-05-157818"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.07.007"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.06.020"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.21"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05746"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0702356"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.09.016"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3476"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.2.1063"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.01.011"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401225"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2007.16"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.07.006"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10329"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.1.398-407.2004"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7920"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108649"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.09.016"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2131"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1410700111"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003627"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.03.028"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.05.004"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601421"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040590"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7970"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160470"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2992"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2541"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20141671"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111594"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3421"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400374"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2014.12.015"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00487"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202567"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.3.1251"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxn077"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108661"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.09.016"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3990"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20110079"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000371"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1738"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2036"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081499"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005461"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401307"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63802"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3582"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3553"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16161"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.03.019"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151448"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.10.056"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.13962"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20150851"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20131800"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.4.2439"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130071"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2011.49.3.235"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3427"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112268109"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16527"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2467"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camberis M. , Le Gros G. and Urban J. (2003). Animal model of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Current Protocols in Immunology\/edited by John E. Coligan\u2026 [et al.] Chapter 19, Unit 19.12, pp. 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im1912s55"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000940"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151739"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.029"},{"key":"S0031182017000488_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1648"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182017000488","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:11:34Z","timestamp":1750291894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182017000488\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182017000488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182017000488","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2017\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}