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Other limitations include inadequate animal models, cumbersome screening procedures for chemotherapeutic approaches and a lack of tools for genetic manipulation. These limitations can, however, be eased by the improvement and focused development of<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>cultivation. The ability to culture relevant<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>isolates<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and to propagate the life cycle stages that are responsible for causing disease in an infected host is still a critical link. This ability will facilitate other relevant approaches, e.g., the ability to knockout genes and the application of broader screening for drug discoveries and vaccine developments, in combination with new discoveries on the parasite's basic biology, genetic manipulation and new life cycle stages. 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