{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T20:05:11Z","timestamp":1773864311031,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,14]],"date-time":"2017-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513209600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Paramphistomosis, caused by<jats:italic>Calicophoron daubneyi<\/jats:italic>, is an emerging infection of ruminants throughout Western Europe. Despite its prevalence, many questions remain regarding the basic biology of this parasite and how it interacts with its host. Consequently, there is a need to develop methods to study<jats:italic>C. daubneyi in vitro<\/jats:italic>to improve our understanding of rumen fluke biology. Towards this, we aimed to identify a suitable protocol for<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>excystment of<jats:italic>C. daubneyi<\/jats:italic>metacercariae. Six methods that have been used to excyst metacercariae from a number of trematode species were tested with<jats:italic>C. daubneyi<\/jats:italic>metacercariae. Three of these achieved an average of &gt;50% excystment whilst one method, which included an acid-pepsin treatment, incubation in reducing conditions and an alkaline\/bile salt solution to activate the larvae, consistently gave &gt;80% excystment. The latter protocol also showed no detrimental effect on the motility of newly excysted juvenile (NEJ) parasites when observed for up to 24 h in RPMI 1640 medium post-excystment. The successful production of<jats:italic>C. daubneyi<\/jats:italic>NEJs<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>is a significant step forward, and will enable the discovery of infective stage-specific parasite antigens and facilitate drug screening trials, to aid the development of much needed diagnostic and therapeutic options for paramphistomosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182017002220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,14]],"date-time":"2017-12-14T10:30:21Z","timestamp":1513247421000},"page":"1015-1019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Optimized conditions for the<i>in vitro<\/i>excystment of<i>Calicophoron daubneyi<\/i>metacercariae"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Kathryn 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