{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:04:48Z","timestamp":1789139088760,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]],"date-time":"2018-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521676800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A curious aspect of the evolution of the hypnozoite theory of malarial relapse is its transmogrification from theory into \u2018fact\u2019, this being of historical, linguistic, scientific and sociological interest. As far as it goes, the hypnozoite explanation for relapse is almost certainly correct. I contend, however, that many of the genotypically homologous, non-reinfection, relapse-like<jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>recurrences that researchers ascribe to hypnozoite activation are probably hypnozoite-independent. Indeed, some malariologists are starting to recognize that homologous<jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>recurrences have most likely been overattributed to activation of hypnozoites. Hitherto identified, non-hypnozoite, possible plasmodial sources of recurrence that must be considered, besides circulating erythrocytic stages, include parasites in splenic dendritic cells, other cells in the spleen (in addition to infected erythrocytes there), bone marrow (importantly) and the skin. I argue that we need to take into account the possibility of a dual or multiple extra-vascular origin of<jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>non-reinfection recurrences, not arbitrarily discount it. The existence of a<jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>reservoir(s) is a topical subject and one of practical importance for malaria eradication. Pertinent drug-associated matters are also discussed, as is the dormancy-related significance of clues provided by blood-stage-induced malarial infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003118201800032x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]],"date-time":"2018-03-22T09:21:19Z","timestamp":1521710479000},"page":"1765-1771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Biological concepts in recurrent<i>Plasmodium vivax<\/i>malaria"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3843-8409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miles B.","family":"Markus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90150-0"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref42","first-page":"682","article-title":"Origin of recurrent Plasmodium vivax malaria \u2013 a new theory","volume":"101","author":"Markus","year":"2011c","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.11.005"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160172"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4564.1225"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.07.001"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8690"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.03.002"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-43978-4_3495"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis393"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(76)90153-X"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001934"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1944.s1-24.221"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004558"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2308.161582"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.08.006"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(82)90299-1"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.02.003"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02257-16"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2011.10.005"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157906"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.25100\/cm.v46i4.2098","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of alternative primaquine regimens to standard treatment in preventing relapses by Plasmodium vivax: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Zuluaga-Idarraga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colombia M\u00e9dica"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02440-6"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref14","volume-title":"The Origin of Relapses in Human and Simian Malaria Infections","author":"Corradetti","year":"1966"},{"key":"S003118201800032X_ref37","unstructured":"Markus MB (1975) Studies on Isosporan Coccidia of Mammals, Including Man. 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