{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T08:34:59Z","timestamp":1787906099451,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]],"date-time":"2018-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523923200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a severe parasitic disease caused by the species complex<jats:italic>Echinococcus granulosus<\/jats:italic>sensu lato. Human infections are most commonly associated with<jats:italic>E. granulosus<\/jats:italic>sensu stricto (s.s.), comprising genotypes G1 and G3. The objective of the current study was to provide first insight into the genetic diversity and phylogeography of genotype G3. Despite the epidemiological importance of the genotype, it has remained poorly explored due to the ambiguity in the definition of the genotype. However, it was recently demonstrated that long sequences of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) provide a reliable method to discriminate G1 and G3 from each other. Therefore, we sequenced near-complete mtDNA of 39 G3 samples, covering most of the known distribution range and host spectra of the genotype. The phylogenetic network revealed high genetic variation within<jats:italic>E. granulosus s.s.<\/jats:italic>G3 and while G3 is significantly less prevalent worldwide than G1, the genetic diversity of both of the genotypes is equally high. We also present the results of the Bayesian phylogeographic analysis, which yielded several well-supported diffusion routes of genotype G3 originating from Turkey and Iran, suggesting the Middle East as the origin of the genotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182018000549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]],"date-time":"2018-04-17T05:30:18Z","timestamp":1523943018000},"page":"1613-1622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Genetic diversity and phylogeography of the elusive, but epidemiologically important<i>Echinococcus granulosus<\/i>sensu stricto genotype G3"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Liina","family":"Kinkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teivi","family":"Laurim\u00e4e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Balkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriano","family":"Casulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houria","family":"Zait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malik","family":"Irshadullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitra","family":"Sharbatkhori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Mirhendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Rostami-Nejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Ponce-Gordo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Rehbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eshrat Beigom","family":"Kia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3567-326X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami","family":"Simsek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viliam","family":"\u0160n\u00e1bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9rald","family":"Umhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Varcasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3222-571X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urmas","family":"Saarma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90109-W"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.03.006"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref91","first-page":"512","article-title":"Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees","volume":"10","author":"Tamura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.02.003"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.08.008"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874318801004010027"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082904"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2269-8"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref75","unstructured":"Rambaut A , (2014) Tracer v1.6, Available from http:\/\/tree.bio.ed.ac.uk\/software\/tracer\/."},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)02358-9"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/123.3.585","article-title":"Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism","volume":"123","author":"Tajima","year":"1989","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.11.003"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000076332"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.04.028"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref29","unstructured":"Eckert J , (2001) Echinococcosis in animals: clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment. WHO\/OIE Manual on echinococcosis in humans and animals: a public health problem of global concern, Ch. 1 (pp. 1\u201317) and Ch. 6 (pp. 195\u2013225)."},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01160.x"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.04.012"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294x.1998.00436.x"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss020"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2017.07.001"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.03.037"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2006.03130.x"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006000734"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2012.05.014"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12043"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603237103"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00938-09"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002262"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(93)90065-7"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12407"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/286357"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.04.005"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139095112"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw082"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3636-4"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.07.030"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(03)00006-7"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.12.014"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1203"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2009.04163.x"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008005453"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0585"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref32","first-page":"47","article-title":"Arlequin ver. 3.0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis","volume":"1","author":"Excoffier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-2092-7"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X1200051X"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001530"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-4994-5"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0568-x"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1170587"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss075"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-7903(03)00221-5"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2010.11.023"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-004-1116-6"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.016"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1376-2"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.04.007"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2016.12.001"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.03.024"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.10.013"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.11.001"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.04.008"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2007.01602.x"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2011.07.022"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.10.028"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003003780"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref11","volume-title":"Buffalo Production and Research. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations","author":"Borghese","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016000445"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msv139"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref53","first-page":"772","article-title":"Partitionfinder 2: new methods for selecting partitioned models of evolution for molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses","volume":"34","author":"Lanfear","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.04.006"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001615"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2012.01840.x"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1994.0079"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref37","first-page":"95","article-title":"Bioedit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symposium Series"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.04.023"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.11.018"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.06.030"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.13126"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref33","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations\/World Health Organization (2014) Multicriteria-based ranking for risk management of food-borne parasites. Microbiological Risk Assessment Series No. 23. Rome, 302, p. XVI."},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00160154"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp187"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syr100"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.09.006"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref70","first-page":"20","article-title":"Genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus isolates from human clinical samples based on sequencing of mitochondrial genes in Iran, Tehran","volume":"9","author":"Nikmanesh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005114"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008004198"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1994.0028"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref98","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). Investing to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases: Third WHO report on neglected tropical diseases, pp. 95\u201399."},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-9946201658038"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013000565"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-9-22"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.07.035"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.006"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2010.02020.x","article-title":"Y-chromosomal variation confirms independent domestications of swamp and river buffalo","volume":"41","author":"Yindee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Animal Genetics"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2008.04.016"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.06.021"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.1.107-135.2004"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref74","unstructured":"Rambaut A (2014) Figtree, a graphical viewer of phylogenetic trees. Available from: http:\/\/tree.bio.ed.ac.uk\/software\/figtree."},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/147.2.915","article-title":"Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection","volume":"147","author":"Fu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.09.003"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801317105"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000520"},{"key":"S0031182018000549_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.09.015"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182018000549","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]],"date-time":"2024-07-06T02:28:36Z","timestamp":1720232916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182018000549\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182018000549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182018000549","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2018\u00a0","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}