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We tested the hypothesis that single<jats:italic>S. solidus<\/jats:italic>infections were more virulent than multiple infections. We also asked whether the metrics of mean and total parasite mass (proxies for individual and total volume, respectively) were consistent with predictions of the resource constraints or the life history strategy (LHS) hypothesis for the growth of, hence exploitation by, larval helminths in intermediate hosts. The samples were drawn from Walby Lake, Alaska in eight of 11 years. Host body condition and CS (egg number per spawning bout) decreased significantly with intensity after adjustments for host size and parasite index. Thus, infections have an increasingly negative impact on measures of host fitness with greater intensity, in contrast to the hypothesis that single infections are more harmful than multiple infections. We also found that mean parasite mass decreased with intensity while total parasite mass increased with intensity as predicted by the LHS hypothesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003118201800094x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,20]],"date-time":"2018-06-20T06:31:50Z","timestamp":1529476310000},"page":"97-104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Are solo infections of the diphyllobothriidean cestode<i>Schistocephalus solidus<\/i>more virulent than multiple infections?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6175-8777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Heins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristine N.","family":"Moody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,20]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S003118201800094X_ref27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02615-0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S003118201800094X_ref14","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2003)089[0001:ROESIN]2.0.CO;2"},{"volume-title":"The Biology of the Sticklebacks","year":"1976","author":"Wootton","key":"S003118201800094X_ref46"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S003118201800094X_ref44","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182098003114"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S003118201800094X_ref48","DOI":"10.2307\/3283228"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S003118201800094X_ref41","DOI":"10.1139\/z68-016"},{"volume-title":"Biometry","year":"1995","author":"Sokal","key":"S003118201800094X_ref40"},{"key":"S003118201800094X_ref36","first-page":"329","article-title":"The use and interpretation of principal component analysis in applied research","volume":"26","author":"Rao","year":"1964","journal-title":"Sankhya A"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S003118201800094X_ref33","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2003.00504.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S003118201800094X_ref25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1419-3"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S003118201800094X_ref30","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-005-3274-0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S003118201800094X_ref29","DOI":"10.1086\/285568"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S003118201800094X_ref24","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)01927-4"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S003118201800094X_ref17","DOI":"10.1139\/z99-180"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S003118201800094X_ref16","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009992046"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S003118201800094X_ref13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1993.tb00392.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S003118201800094X_ref11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.10.013"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S003118201800094X_ref6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.11.010"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S003118201800094X_ref20","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201000048X"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S003118201800094X_ref5","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/5.1.74"},{"key":"S003118201800094X_ref4","first-page":"141","article-title":"Variation in female life-history traits among Alaskan populations of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. 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