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However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanism of<jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic>involved in the adaptation to the hypoxic environments. In this study, we investigated the molecular structures and induction patterns of hypoxia-inducible factor-1<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>(HIF-1<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>) and other basic helix\u2013loop\u2013helix and Per\u2013Arnt\u2013Sim (bHLH\u2013PAS) domain-containing proteins such as HIF-1<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, single-minded protein and aryl hydrocarbon receptor, which might prompt adaptive response to hypoxia, in<jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic>. These proteins possessed various bHLH\u2013PAS family-specific domains. Expression of<jats:italic>C. sinensis HIF-1\u03b1<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>CsHIF-1\u03b1<\/jats:italic>) was highly induced in worms which were either exposed to a hypoxic condition or co-incubated with human cholangiocytes. In addition to oxygen, nitric oxide and nitrite affected the<jats:italic>CsHIF-1\u03b1<\/jats:italic>expression depending on the surrounding oxygen concentration. Treatment using a prolyl hydroxylase-domain protein inhibitor under 20%-oxygen condition resulted in an increase in the CsHIF-1<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>level. Conversely, the other<jats:italic>bHLH\u2013PAS<\/jats:italic>genes were less responsive to these exogenous stimuli. We suggest that nitrite and nitric oxide, as well as oxygen, coordinately involve in the regulation of HIF-1<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>expression to adapt to the hypoxic host environments in<jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182018001245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]],"date-time":"2018-08-02T11:29:23Z","timestamp":1533209363000},"page":"176-186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Molecular characteristics and induction profiles of hypoxia-inducible factor-1<i>\u03b1<\/i>and other basic helix\u2013loop\u2013helix and Per\u2013Arnt\u2013Sim domain-containing proteins identified in a carcinogenic liver fluke<i>Clonorchis 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