{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:11:45Z","timestamp":1792613505680,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,13]],"date-time":"2018-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536796800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Paragonimiasis, human lung fluke disease, is a foodborne anthropozoonosis caused by the trematodes assigned to<jats:italic>Paragonimus<\/jats:italic>and is regarded by the World Health Organization as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). The life cycle of this medically important parasite centres on a complex freshwater biological community that includes two intermediate hosts: a mollusc and a decapod, usually a brachyuran. Although there is a perception that the biology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of<jats:italic>Paragonimus<\/jats:italic>is well understood, in reality, this is not the case, especially in Africa. Much remains unknown concerning the life-cycle of the parasite, its transmission, the current epidemiology of the disease, diagnosis and the effectiveness of treatment. Furthermore, cases of paragonimiasis may be misdiagnosed as resistant tuberculosis (TB) because of the similar pulmonary symptoms and no remission after anti TB therapy. The endemic foci of human paragonimiasis in Africa have been reported mainly in the forest zones of Upper Guinea (Liberia, Guinea and Ivory Coast) and Lower Guinea (Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon). Despite the perceived medical importance of paragonimiasis, relatively little attention has been paid to this NTD since its discovery in Africa in the 1960s. This review focuses on the current understanding of the life cycle and transmission of<jats:italic>Paragonimus<\/jats:italic>in Africa, discusses its diagnosis and public health importance and highlights many outstanding gaps in the knowledge that still exist for this NTD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182018001439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,13]],"date-time":"2018-09-13T09:59:56Z","timestamp":1536832796000},"page":"1748-1757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["<i>Paragonimus<\/i>and paragonimiasis in West and Central Africa: unresolved questions"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Neil","family":"Cumberlidge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rollinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jozef","family":"Vercruysse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7365-7650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis-Albert","family":"Tchuem Tchuent\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0930-9314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonnie","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6862-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul F.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182018001439_ref64","first-page":"125","article-title":"Zwei neue Paragonimus-Arten aus West-Africa: Paragonimus africanus und Paragonimus uterobilateralis (Troglotrematidae, Trematoda)","volume":"16","author":"Voelker","year":"1965","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0031182018001439_ref67","first-page":"265","article-title":"Das R\u00f6ntgenbild der afrikanischen Paragonimiasis","volume":"122","author":"Volkmer","year":"1975","journal-title":"R\u00f6fo"},{"key":"S0031182018001439_ref68","first-page":"587","article-title":"The route of migration of Paragonimus siamensis Miyazaki and Wykoff, 1965 in the white rat","volume":"17","author":"Waikagul","year":"1986","journal-title":"SE Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182018001439_ref66","first-page":"109","article-title":"Beobachtungen \u00fcber die Lungenegel-Infektion in Kamerun (Westafrika)","volume":"16","author":"Vogel","year":"1965","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0031182018001439_ref53","first-page":"15","article-title":"Human paragonimiasis caused by Paragonimus uterobilateralis in Liberia and Guinea","volume":"30","author":"Sachs","year":"1982","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182018001439_ref6","first-page":"100","article-title":"Classification problems in Paragonimus spp., Trematoda. 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