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One of the most intriguing aspects of<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>pathobiology is the complex relationship with intracellular microbial symbionts: a group of dsRNA viruses belonging to family of<jats:italic>Totiviridae<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>virus), and eubacteria belonging to the<jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>genus, in particular<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>ycoplasma hominis<\/jats:italic>. Both microorganisms seem to strongly influence the lifestyle of<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>, suggesting a role of the symbiosis in the high variability of clinical presentation and sequelae during trichomoniasis. In the last few years many aspects of this unique symbiotic relationship have been investigated:<jats:italic>M. hominis<\/jats:italic>resides and replicates in the protozoan cell, and<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>is able to pass the bacterial infection to both mycoplasma-free protozoan isolates and human epithelial cells;<jats:italic>M. hominis<\/jats:italic>synergistically upregulates the proinflammatory response of human monocytes to<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>. Furthermore, the influence of<jats:italic>M. hominis<\/jats:italic>over<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>metabolism and physiology has been characterized. The identification of a novel species belonging to the class of<jats:italic>Mollicutes<\/jats:italic>(Candidatus<jats:italic>Mycoplasma girerdii<\/jats:italic>) exclusively associated to<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>opens new perspectives in the research of the complex series of events taking place in the multifaceted world of the vaginal microbiota, both under normal and pathological conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182018002135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]],"date-time":"2019-01-08T15:50:30Z","timestamp":1546962630000},"page":"1150-1155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["<i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i>and<i>Mycoplasma hominis<\/i>: new tales of two old friends"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Daniele","family":"Dess\u00ec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Margarita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Rita","family":"Cocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Marongiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6190-612X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pier Luigi","family":"Fiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Rappelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182018002135_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(96)02616-3"},{"key":"S0031182018002135_ref70","first-page":"402","article-title":"Serum antibodies to Trichomonas vaginalis in invasive cervical cancer patients","volume":"71","author":"Yap","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genitourinary Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182018002135_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0215-y"},{"key":"S0031182018002135_ref68","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012) WHO | Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections \u2013 2008. 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