{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T21:29:13Z","timestamp":1785274153243,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555891200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Giardia lamblia<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>G. lamblia<\/jats:italic>) is the most widely known protozoan parasite that causes human gastrointestinal infection worldwide. Some natural compounds exhibited pivotal effects against different infectious diseases. In this research, the antigiardial activity and cytotoxicity of fungal chitosan, nano-chitosan, <jats:italic>Rhamnus cathartica<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>R. cathartica<\/jats:italic>) and emodin were evaluated in Balb\/c mice. Genotyping of <jats:italic>G. lamblia<\/jats:italic> was assessed by PCR-RFLP technique. Different concentrations of mentioned compounds were used to check their antigiardial and cytotoxicity effects on human intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29) after 24, 48 and 72 h. The <jats:italic>G. lamblia<\/jats:italic> strain used in the current work was genotyped and revealed as an AII assemblage. All the concentration showed acceptable activity against <jats:italic>G. lamblia<\/jats:italic> cysts and trophozoites in comparison to the negative and positive controls (furazolidone and metronidazole) <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>iardia lamblia<\/jats:italic> cysts were susceptible after treatment in all experiments <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> in comparison to negative control (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Approximately, in most of the concentration, nano-chitosan and emodin were more effective than chitosan and <jats:italic>R. cathartica<\/jats:italic>, respectively (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). The effects of exposure times in antigiardial and cytotoxicity effects were not statistically significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). The maximum mortality rate (100%) was achieved at 100 and 50 <jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>g kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> concentrations after 48 and 72 h of exposure time, respectively. Our results provide significant information about the new antigiardial agent and proposed the nano-chitosan and emodin for the development of new drugs against <jats:italic>G. lamblia<\/jats:italic> in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182019000325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T03:34:22Z","timestamp":1555904062000},"page":"1188-1198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effects of some natural products from fungal and herbal sources on <i>Giardia lamblia in vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2432-0362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aroona","family":"Chabra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahman","family":"Rahimi-Esboei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emran","family":"Habibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taha","family":"Monadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Azadbakht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taher","family":"Elmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein 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