{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T04:56:43Z","timestamp":1778648203580,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561680000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Dinobdella ferox<\/jats:italic> is the most reported and studied leech species parasitizing mammalian mucus membranes. However, our knowledge of <jats:italic>D. ferox<\/jats:italic> during parasitizing and its effects on hosts has remained limited. To investigate the behaviour of <jats:italic>D. ferox<\/jats:italic> in the parasitic period and the subsequent host symptoms, the author was infested voluntarily with three juvenile leeches under regularly-conducted examinations of complete blood count (CBC) and nasal endoscopy (NE). After the first head protrusion of the parasitizing leech at the host nostril, the occurrence of bleeding-related symptoms decreased and ceased completely weeks before the end of the parasitic period. Negligible impacts of the parasitizing leech on the host were shown by CBCs, and a parasitizing leech was able to hide from NE despite being so large it at times protrudes out of the host nostril. Finally, parasitizing <jats:italic>D. ferox<\/jats:italic> were coaxed to emerge at the nostril by water only after their first head protrusion, indicating that non-invasive removal of parasitizing <jats:italic>D. ferox<\/jats:italic> before head protrusion might be difficult. Through the voluntary infestation, the full documentation of behaviours of <jats:italic>D. ferox<\/jats:italic> in the parasitic period and host symptoms shown in this study will promote better diagnoses and treatments of nasal leech infestation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182019000751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]],"date-time":"2019-06-13T05:09:11Z","timestamp":1560402551000},"page":"1477-1485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Beyond the epistaxis: voluntary nasal leech (<i>Dinobdella ferox<\/i>) infestation revealed the leech behaviours and the host symptoms through the parasitic period"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4906-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Te","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90265-8"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref13","volume-title":"Blood Sucking Asian Leeches of Families Hirudidae and Haemadipsidae","author":"Keegan","year":"1968"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2017.01.018"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5631\/jibirin.102.635"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref20","first-page":"175","article-title":"Leech infestation and its association with water drinking habits","volume":"16","author":"Raza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-009-1188-0"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref29","first-page":"54","article-title":"Comparing analysis of parasitic specificity of nasal leech (Dinobdella ferox)","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Kunming Teachers College"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref3","first-page":"247","article-title":"Severe anemia due to the pharyngeal leech Limnatis nilotica in a child","volume":"32","author":"A\u011fin","year":"2008","journal-title":"T\u00fcrkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-008-0706-1"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.147056","article-title":"Diagnostic dilemma in a case of a leech in the upper aerodigestive tract","volume":"61","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Postgraduate Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.158.3.99"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref12","first-page":"324","article-title":"Case report: epistaxis and leech infestation","volume":"26","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Internal Medicine of Taiwan"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref22","volume-title":"Leech Biology and Behaviour","author":"Sawyer","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref14","volume-title":"Leech Fauna of Taiwan","author":"Lai","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2002.111"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10013-1070"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08880010390232763"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2009.03.003"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref8","first-page":"110","article-title":"Unilateral epistaxis after swimming in a stream","volume":"11","author":"Chow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hong Kong Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-011-1236-1"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref9","first-page":"123","article-title":"Epistaxis due to nasal leech infestation-2 case reports","volume":"8","author":"Chuang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Show-Chwan Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0031182019000751_ref16","first-page":"97","volume-title":"The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. 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