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Many cases of<jats:italic>C. belli<\/jats:italic>infections have been reported in patients with HIV, and in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplants or those treated for tumours worldwide. Unsporulated or partially sporulated oocysts of<jats:italic>C. belli<\/jats:italic>are excreted in feces. When sporulated oocysts in contaminated water or food are ingested, asexual and sexual stages of<jats:italic>C. belli<\/jats:italic>are confined to the epithelium of intestines, bile ducts and gallbladder. Monozoic tissue cysts are present in extra-intestinal organs (lamina propria of the small and large intestine, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver) of immunosuppressed humans. However, a paratenic host has not been demonstrated.<jats:italic>Cystoisospora belli<\/jats:italic>infections can be persistent, lasting for months, and relapses are common; the mechanism of relapse is unknown. Recently, the endogenous stages of<jats:italic>C. belli<\/jats:italic>were re-examined and attention was drawn to cases of misidentification of non-protozoal structures in the gallbladder of patients as<jats:italic>C. belli<\/jats:italic>. Here, we review all aspects of the biology of<jats:italic>C. belli<\/jats:italic>, including morphology, endogenous stages, prevalence, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis and control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182019000957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T07:50:13Z","timestamp":1563177013000},"page":"1490-1527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["<i>Cystoisospora belli<\/i>infections in humans: the past 100 years"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4455-2870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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