{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:42:41Z","timestamp":1790775761024,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]],"date-time":"2019-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567036800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>rely heavily on glycans to complete their digenetic life cycle in both mammalian and phlebotomine sand fly hosts.<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>promastigotes secrete a proteophosphoglycan-rich gel (Promastigote Secretory Gel, PSG) that is regurgitated during transmission and can exacerbate infection in the skin. Here we explored the role of PSG from natural<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>-sand fly vector combinations by obtaining PSG from<jats:italic>Leishmania (L.) major<\/jats:italic>-infected<jats:italic>Phlebotomus (P.) papatasi<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>P. duboscqi<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>L. tropica<\/jats:italic>-infected<jats:italic>P. arabicus<\/jats:italic>. We found that, in addition to the vector's saliva, the PSG from<jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>L. tropica<\/jats:italic>potently exacerbated cutaneous infection in BALB\/c mice, improved the probability of developing a patent cutaneous lesion, parasite growth and the evolution of the lesion. Of note, the presence of PSG in the inoculum more than halved the prepatent period of cutaneous<jats:italic>L. tropica<\/jats:italic>infection from an average of 32 weeks to 13 weeks. In addition,<jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>L. tropica<\/jats:italic>PSG extracted from the permissive experimental vector,<jats:italic>Lutzomyia (Lu.) longipalpis<\/jats:italic>, also exacerbated infections in mice. These results reinforce and extend the hypothesis that PSG is an important and evolutionarily conserved component of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>infection that can be used to facilitate experimental infection for drug and vaccine screening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182019001069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T11:09:54Z","timestamp":1566904194000},"page":"1796-1802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Promastigote secretory gel from natural and unnatural sand fly vectors exacerbate<i>Leishmania major<\/i>and<i>Leishmania tropica<\/i>cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Giraud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Svobodov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Volf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6542-6438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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