{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T23:40:08Z","timestamp":1776296408087,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570752000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Kinetoplastid parasites are responsible for serious diseases in humans and livestock such as Chagas disease and sleeping sickness (caused by<jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic>, respectively), and the different forms of cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (produced by<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>spp). The limited number of antiparasitic drugs available together with the emergence of resistance underscores the need for new therapeutic agents with novel mechanisms of action. The use of agents binding to surface glycans has been recently suggested as a new approach to antitrypanosomal design and a series of peptidic and non-peptidic carbohydrate-binding agents have been identified as antiparasitics showing efficacy in animal models of sleeping sickness. Here we provide an overview of the nature of surface glycans in three kinetoplastid parasites,<jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>. Their role in virulence and host cell invasion is highlighted with the aim of identifying specific glycan\u2013lectin interactions and carbohydrate functions that may be the target of novel carbohydrate-binding agents with therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182019001355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T09:18:20Z","timestamp":1570785500000},"page":"1743-1754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Overview of the role of kinetoplastid surface carbohydrates in infection and host cell invasion: prospects for therapeutic intervention"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Valente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor M.","family":"Castillo-Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio E.","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4303-5209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dolores","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pacanowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00211-1"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1442"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2004.05.004"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2007.07.018"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000555"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20011433"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1997.1600"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14055"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.9.4603-4612.1999"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.03.013"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/11.12.1035"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030091"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200700439"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M604506200"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M103412200"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.10.004"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.200900050"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.1.548"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)98600-X"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(89)90086-8"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2012.08.015"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.3042"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/14.3.299"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/165126"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.453"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)80058-6"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.2.641","article-title":"Alterations in cell surface carbohydrates on T cells from virally infected mice can distinguish effector\/memory CD8+ T cells from naive cells","volume":"161","author":"Galvan","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.6.4072"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja043037i"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15350.x"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20120074"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0187-6"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref27","article-title":"The crystal structure and localization of Trypanosoma brucei invariant surface glycoproteins suggest a more permissive VSG coat in the tsetse-transmitted metacyclic stage","author":"Casas-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2018","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/med.20216"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12074"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00735-07"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1129594"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50088-6"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80180-6"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00463"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M200296-JLR200"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1527"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7305-9_7"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.87.2.363"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp172"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1993.2412"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja035561f"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)77893-4"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004904"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.24.14982"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(91)90030-A"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2003.08.002"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013002187"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(97)00191-6"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2003.11.018"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.096305"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05492.x"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15849"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301497200"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.f.203"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-019-01633-7"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref116","first-page":"1","article-title":"Glycoinositolphospholipid from Trypanosoma cruzi: structure, biosynthesis and immunobiology","volume":"56","author":"Previato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005559"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(99)00079-6"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/362603a0"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50089-8"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.3.2.255-263.2004"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2318(09)00007-9"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.43.755"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(85)90051-9"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M508801200"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-20"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001543"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(76)90226-9"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030150"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00731217"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3010151"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2009009"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00938"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-002-0477-0"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.169.3.881"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1351"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-010-9268-9"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163302"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78267-6_4"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(93)90017-A"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2015.01.006"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.222"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/12.1.25"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2011.02.006"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0070-2153(10)92004-8"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)39831-X"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.112.17.2799"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762003000700016"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1997.1066"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.113.7.1299"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002618"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20030469"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003612"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009990473"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077568"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.05.014"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156296"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54916-4"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.107.9.2471"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.188"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(95)00120-4"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(93)90105-O"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8MD00508G"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003731"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161337"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12672"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.11.6717-6721.2004"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01575126"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.11.017"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10134"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref65","first-page":"57","article-title":"Glycosylation of the variant surface antigens of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"117","author":"Holder","year":"1985","journal-title":"Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00245-6"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2940305"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(92)90179-E"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001779"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(97)00187-4"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr060364b"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.101.4.895"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075018"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3100807"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1019"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01791-9"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06496-2"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.10.4562-4569.2000"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0497"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.142.1.224"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.1.6.1000-1009.2002"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.8.4902"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwh068"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54336-2"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110289"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005851"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/532106"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1985.tb01874.x"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/38.6.1073"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5OB00563A"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref61","first-page":"114","article-title":"The transferrin receptor in African trypanosomes: identification, partial characterization and subcellular localization","volume":"62","author":"Grab","year":"1993","journal-title":"European Journal of Cell Biology"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01053191"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90227-O"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3340856"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.03.014"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12359"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2003.12.001"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref137","first-page":"78","article-title":"ESAG 6 and 7 products of Trypanosoma brucei form a transferrin binding protein complex","volume":"64","author":"Steverding","year":"1994","journal-title":"European Journal of Cell Biology"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00254-10"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.45.27244"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04224.x"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.13.7241"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.162.1.324"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00233"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(96)02780-6"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000228160"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00066.2013"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02675"},{"key":"S0031182019001355_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.3.433"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182019001355","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T14:17:14Z","timestamp":1695305834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182019001355\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]},"references-count":162,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182019001355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182019001355","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2019","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}