{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T06:25:54Z","timestamp":1757312754786,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]],"date-time":"2020-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579737600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>As a consequence of axenic growth and the elimination of accompanying bacterial flora,<jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic>virulence decreases rapidly, and pathogenicity is lost. This paper evaluated the impact of vitamin supplementation on the pathogenicity of<jats:italic>E. histolytica.<\/jats:italic>Growth of<jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>trophozoites, cultured axenically in PEHPS (a Spanish acronym for the main ingredients \u2013 casein peptone, liver, pancreas extract and bovine serum) medium, with or without vitamins, exhibited a similar growth rate. However, the vitamin-enriched PEHPS preparations expressed 2.65 times more haemolytic activity (at 60 min: 98<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>48%,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05), 2.5 times more phospholipase A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>activity at 150 min of incubation and generated more hepatic abscesses (88<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>60%,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.05) than the preparations without vitamins. The haemolytic and phospholipase A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>activity for the PEHPS \u2212 V preparations were restored following vitamin supplementation with A and D. These data highlight, for the first time, that vitamins and specifically vitamin A and D were essential for the recovery of amoebic virulence, lost through axenic growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182020000013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]],"date-time":"2020-01-23T07:59:24Z","timestamp":1579766364000},"page":"501-505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vitamin supplementation increases the virulence of<i>Entamoeba histolytica<\/i>grown axenically"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Javier","family":"Vargas-Villareal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Lozano-Garza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvador Luis","family":"Said-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Guadalupe","family":"Moreno-Trevi\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ofelia","family":"Monsiv\u00e1is-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan Giresse","family":"Lozano-Alan\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7925-6524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-de la Garza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00927659","article-title":"Subcellular distribution and stability of the major hemolytic activity of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites","volume":"67","author":"Said-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"1982","journal-title":"Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Parasitenkunde Parasitology Research"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.3.329-341.2002","article-title":"Methods for cultivation of luminal parasitic protists of clinical importance","volume":"15","author":"Clark","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00035","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00035-17","article-title":"An amoebal grazer of cyanobacteria requires cobalamin produced by heterotrophic bacteria","volume":"83","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1991.tb04430.x","article-title":"A serum-free, partly defined medium, PDM-805, for axenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica schaudinn, 1903 and other entamoeba","volume":"38","author":"Diamond","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Protozoology"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(78)90144-X","article-title":"A new medium for the axenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and other entamoeba","volume":"72","author":"Diamond","year":"1978","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0123-9392(09)70731-3","article-title":"Factores de virulencia del pat\u00f3geno intestinal Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"13","author":"Trejos-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infectio"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4833","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv370","article-title":"RAR\/RXR binding dynamics distinguish pluripotency from differentiation associated cis-regulatory elements","volume":"43","author":"Chatagnon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)45390-8","article-title":"Mechanism of vitamin A action. Gene expression in retinol-deficient rats","volume":"257","author":"Omori","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00062","article-title":"Evolutionary origin of the interferon\u2013immune metabolic axis: the sterol\u2013vitamin D link","volume":"8","author":"Newmark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1966.tb08442.x","volume":"24","year":"1966","journal-title":"Nutrition Reviews"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2018-0066","article-title":"Iron-modulated virulence factors of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"13","author":"Gastelum-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Microbiology"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref17","unstructured":"NOM-062-ZOO-1999 (2001) Especificaciones t\u00e9cnicas para la producci\u00f3n, cuidado y uso de los animales de laboratorio. Available at http:\/\/www.dof.gob.mx\/nota_detalle.php?codigo=762506&fecha=22\/08\/2001 (Accessed 8 October 2018)."},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref25","first-page":"325","article-title":"Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor, and macroautophagy in inflammation and infection","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Discovery Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091313-103550","article-title":"Regulation of virulence of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"68","author":"Marie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annual Review of Microbiology"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651993000600005","article-title":"An attempt at reversibility and increase of the virulence of axenic strains of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"35","author":"Gomes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Revista Do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2307\/3277143","article-title":"Techniques of axenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica schaudinn, 1903 and E. histolytica-like amebae","volume":"54","author":"Diamond","year":"1968","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref15","first-page":"247","article-title":"[Development of a simplified method for the axenic culture of Entamoeba histolytica]","volume":"21","author":"Mata-Cardenas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Archivos de Investigacion Medica (Mex)"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/265341a0","article-title":"Virulence and toxicity of axenic Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"265","author":"Bos","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399405009622","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie Entamoeba histolytica pathogenesis: prospects for intervention","volume":"7","author":"Laughlin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref5","first-page":"335","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica: un desaf\u00edo vigente","volume":"34","author":"Conde-Bonfil","year":"1992","journal-title":"Salud P\u00fablica de M\u00e9xico"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00931538","article-title":"Identification of Entamoeba histolytica intracellular phospholipase A and lysophospholipase L1 activities","volume":"81","author":"Vargas-Villarreal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90436-1","article-title":"PEHPS medium: an alternative for axenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and E. Invadens","volume":"82","author":"Said Fernandez","year":"1988","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-169-8:7","volume-title":"The Protein Protocols Handbook","author":"Waterborg","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652006000500002","article-title":"Pathogenicity of Entamoeba dispar under xenic and monoxenic cultivation compared to a virulent E. histolytica","volume":"48","author":"Costa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Revista Do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo"},{"key":"S0031182020000013_ref1","first-page":"104","article-title":"Influence of liver transplantation in the nutritional profile of severe cirrhotic patients","volume":"35","author":"Andrade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutricion Hospitalaria"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182020000013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T12:41:24Z","timestamp":1614084084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182020000013\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182020000013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182020000013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0031-1820"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-8161"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}