{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T04:48:39Z","timestamp":1781153319065,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]],"date-time":"2020-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579651200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Only with the completion of the life cycles of <jats:italic>Fasciola hepatica<\/jats:italic> in 1883 and 30 years later those of <jats:italic>Schistosoma japonicum<\/jats:italic> (1913), <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> (1915) did research on schistosomiasis really get underway. One of the first papers by Cawston in 1918, describing attempts to establish the means of transmission of <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> in Natal, South Africa, forms the historical perspective against which to judge where we are now. Molecular biology techniques have produced a much better definition of the complexity of the schistosome species and their snail hosts, but also revealed the extent of hybridization between human and animal schistosomes that may impact on parasite adaptability. While diagnostics have greatly improved, the ability to detect single worm pair infections routinely, still falls short of its goal. The introduction of praziquantel ~1982 has revolutionized the treatment of infected individuals and led directly to the mass drug administration programmes. In turn, the severe pathological consequences of high worm burdens have been minimized, and for <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> infections the incidence of associated squamous cell carcinoma has been reduced. In comparison, the development of effective vaccines has yet to come to fruition. The elimination of schistosomiasis japonica from Japan shows what is possible, using multiple lines of approach, but the clear and present danger is that the whole edifice of schistosome control is balanced on the monotherapy of praziquantel, and the development of drug resistance could topple that.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182020000049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]],"date-time":"2020-01-22T10:09:26Z","timestamp":1579687766000},"page":"507-515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Schistosomiasis then and now: what has changed in the last 100 years?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7210-0321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Alan","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.2864.746"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh.2014-S04"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref88","first-page":"7341","article-title":"Complete mitochondrial and rDNA complex sequences of important vector species of Biomphalaria, obligatory hosts of the human-infecting blood fluke","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schistosoma mansoni. Science Reports"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref74","first-page":"90","article-title":"The life history of the liver-fluke (Fasciola hepatica)","volume":"23","author":"Thomas","year":"1883","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref86","first-page":"681","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminthiases: numbers of people treated in 2017","volume":"93","year":"2018","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.05.011"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012000339"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000003437"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00183-5"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46917-y"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1708578114"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref66","first-page":"566","article-title":"The incidence and distribution of the human schistosomes in Egypt","volume":"25","author":"Scott","year":"1937","journal-title":"American Journal of Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09622.x"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00301-17"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2018.06.004"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018000240"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref56","first-page":"1961","article-title":"On the development of Schistosoma japonicum","volume":"1836","author":"Miyairi","year":"1913","journal-title":"[Tokyo Iji Shinshi] the Tokyo Medical Journal]"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.08.006"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000004108"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref52","first-page":"33","article-title":"The species of the genus Bulinus, intermediate hosts of Schistosoma","volume":"33","author":"Mandahl-Barth","year":"1965","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organisation"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.11.011"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1978.27.55"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/10.3.547"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03042"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15451"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1321-z"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00175-4"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.10.5337"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.04.013"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00223"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003925"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref34","first-page":"13","article-title":"Determination of the cause of a new parasite disease seen in Yamanashi and other prefectures [in Japanese]","volume":"1371","author":"Katsurada","year":"1904","journal-title":"[Tokyo Iji Shinshi] Tokyo Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00137-14"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2881.411"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000290"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.12.009"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref77","first-page":"185","volume-title":"The Biology of Schistosomes: From Genes to Latrines","author":"von Lichtenberg","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0275-5"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.515"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01048-10"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(95)00026-7"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.83"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2822.201"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90501-5"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01157.x"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700090211"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2008.01054.x"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1969.tb15879.x"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0725"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66457-4"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref55","first-page":"3","article-title":"Route of migration of Schistosoma japonicum from the skin to the portal vein, and morphology of the young worm at the time of penetrating the skin [in Japanese]","volume":"26","author":"Miyagawa","year":"1912","journal-title":"Tokyo Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref5","first-page":"203","article-title":"Schistosomiasis \u2212 cancer: etiological considerations. A review","volume":"36","author":"Brand","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1975.24.284"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.02.006"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1977.26.702"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.03.002"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001190"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003752"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15487.1"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(81)90012-2"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.01.004"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007351"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.10.005"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)61013-5"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.29653"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006968"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Report on the results of the Bilharzia mission in Egypt, 1915","volume":"25","author":"Leiper","year":"1915","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2506.190020"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2014.893195"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.07.006"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.53.167"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-1-15"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006948"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref35","first-page":"397","article-title":"A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"14","author":"Katz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019000969"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2011.10.008"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.10.014"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3030085"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.766527"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2517.773"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(06)63003-0"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002110"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.11.017"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy714"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000626"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.07.002"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2000.278.6.F867"},{"key":"S0031182020000049_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1045391"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182020000049","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T07:39:18Z","timestamp":1595403558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182020000049\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182020000049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182020000049","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}