{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:46:07Z","timestamp":1786999567184,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]],"date-time":"2020-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579651200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Swimmer's itch (SI) is a painful rash caused by skin penetration by free-swimming infectious cercariae of avian schistosomes, snail-borne helminth parasites related to the causative agents of human schistosomiasis. The goal of this study was to determine if commonly collected environmental data could be used to predict daily fluctuations in SI incidence at an inland beach in northwestern Michigan. Lifeguards collected daily data over four summers, including the number of self-reported SI cases, total swimmers, water temperature, wind speed and wind direction. Mixed-effects binomial regression revealed that wind direction, wind speed and time of day were the best predictors of daily SI risk. Swimmers entering the water in the morning or on days with direct onshore wind perpendicular to the shoreline had the greatest SI risk. However, there was a negative effect of wind speed after accounting for direction, where SI risk was greatest on days with a gentle breeze originating directly offshore. These results suggest that at this beach, direct onshore winds generate a surface-water current that causes SI cercariae to aggregate in the shallow waters used by swimmers. Data are needed from additional sites to confirm whether the onshore wind is a generally important driver of SI incidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182020000074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]],"date-time":"2020-01-22T05:09:25Z","timestamp":1579669765000},"page":"431-440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Direct onshore wind predicts daily swimmer's itch (avian schistosome) incidence at a Michigan beach"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6901-094X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason P.","family":"Sckrabulis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Flory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Raffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182020000074_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9650","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502651112","article-title":"Reduced transmission of human schistosomiasis after restoration of a native river prawn that preys on the snail intermediate host","volume":"112","author":"Sokolow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"S0031182020000074_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-013-2269-6","article-title":"Differential effects of temperature variability on the transmission of a marine parasite","volume":"160","author":"Studer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Marine Biology"},{"key":"S0031182020000074_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1139\/z74-074","article-title":"Responses of cercariae of Trichobilharzia ocellata to white light, monochromatic light, and irradiance reduction","volume":"52","author":"Wright","year":"1974","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"S0031182020000074_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-018-1362-1","article-title":"Use of qPCR-based cercariometry to assess swimmer's itch in recreational lakes","volume":"15","author":"Rudko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"S0031182020000074_ref37","first-page":"270","article-title":"The production of cercariae by Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium and methods for estimating the numbers of cercariae in suspension","volume":"33","author":"McClelland","year":"1965","journal-title":"Bulletin World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0031182020000074_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00009868","article-title":"The morphology and life-cycle of Trichobilharzia arcuata n. sp. 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