{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T13:15:48Z","timestamp":1762607748794,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580256000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigate the factors associated with the occurrence and abundance of external and blood parasites in African penguins (<jats:italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/jats:italic>), an endangered seabird that breeds exclusively on the coasts of Namibia and South Africa. External parasites were collected using the dust-ruffling method from 171 African Penguins admitted at a rehabilitation facility in the Western Cape, South Africa. Additionally, blood smears were obtained upon admission and weekly during rehabilitation and examined for blood parasites. Fleas <jats:italic>Parapsyllus longicornis humboldti<\/jats:italic>, ticks <jats:italic>Ornithodoros capensis<\/jats:italic> and lice <jats:italic>Austrogoniodes demersus<\/jats:italic> were recovered from 93, 63 and 40%, respectively, of the penguins upon admission to the centre. Rescue location and age group were identified as significant determinants of flea abundance, whereas month of admission was a significant determinant of tick abundance. Blood parasites were also common on admission, with <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> being the most frequent (46% prevalence) whereas <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> was recorded sporadically (1.2%) and <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> was recorded once. The prevalence and abundance of ticks on admission was positively associated with <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> infection on admission. Our findings demonstrate the variability and contributing factor of parasite infections in an endangered species of penguin, and highlight the need for additional research on the parasite\u2013host dynamics involving these potential disease vectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182020000141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T05:30:25Z","timestamp":1580275825000},"page":"577-583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Determinants of external and blood parasite load in African penguins (<i>Spheniscus demersus<\/i>) admitted for rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Albert","family":"Snyman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2359-4828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph Eric Thijl","family":"Vanstreels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandr\u00e9","family":"Nell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9604-3432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam M.","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Stracke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3421-4133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nola J.","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0353-1929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrin","family":"Ludynia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6561-7069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre A.","family":"Pistorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00306525.1996.9639700"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00239690"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2018-05-134"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03544430"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2359-5"},{"volume-title":"Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia","year":"2005","author":"Valki\u016bnas","key":"S0031182020000141_ref52"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12349"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-017-2171-7"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-06-146"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.12.001"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/5.2.130"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO9670715"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11158\/saa.22.1.5"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref36","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Final Report of the BCLME (Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem) Project on Top Predators as Biological Indicators of Ecosystem Change in the BCLME","author":"Kemper","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1675\/063.033.0321"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00232-6"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018002159"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02541858.1993.11448298"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z04-076"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00306525.1986.9634131"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2989\/1814232X.2011.572377"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref14","first-page":"139","article-title":"Population dynamics of the African Penguin Spheniscus demersus at Robben Island, South Africa","volume":"27","author":"Crawford","year":"1999","journal-title":"Marine Ornithology"},{"key":"S0031182020000141_ref11","first-page":"157","article-title":"Mallophaga (biting lice) and Anoplura (sucking lice). 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