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Our study sites were selected to enable the role of foxes as hosts for juvenile (nest dwelling) and adult (exophilic)<jats:italic>D. reticulatus<\/jats:italic>ticks to be determined, and to assess their contribution to the spread of this important vector of<jats:italic>Babesia canis<\/jats:italic>. We compared also ectoparasite communities between adult foxes with those of fox cubs. Finally, we carried out a systematic search for subcutaneous ticks determining their prevalence and abundance. In 2016\u20132018, 366 adult foxes and 25 live-trapped cubs were examined for ectoparasites. Ectoparasites were identified based on morphological features, PCR amplification and sequencing. The total prevalence of ectoparasites was higher in cubs (68%) than in adults (62.8%). In adults, 15 parasite species were recorded, including four tick species, seven flea species, scabies, and one Anopluran species each in the genera<jats:italic>Felicola<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Lipoptena.<\/jats:italic>In cubs, six ectoparasite species were found, including<jats:italic>Ixodes kaiseri<\/jats:italic>, a species not found in adults. Although<jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>D. reticulatus<\/jats:italic>were the dominant tick species on adult foxes, no<jats:italic>D. reticulatus<\/jats:italic>ticks were found on cubs. Subcutaneous ticks were common (38%) and abundant in all areas. Molecular analysis of subcutaneous nodules allowed the identification of 17<jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>and five<jats:italic>D. reticulatus<\/jats:italic>. In conclusion, red foxes play a minor role as hosts of<jats:italic>D. reticulatus.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003118202000116x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T06:04:28Z","timestamp":1594706668000},"page":"1359-1368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Ectoparasites of red foxes (<i>Vulpes vulpes<\/i>) with a particular focus on ticks in subcutaneous tissues"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2264-8345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Dwu\u017cnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa Julia","family":"Mierzejewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Kowalec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6330-0719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alsarraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Sta\u0144czak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Opali\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5510-5254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Krokowska-Paluszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"G\u00f3recki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6199-8458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Bajer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref48","first-page":"202","article-title":"Results of a tick-host study in northwest Arkansas","volume":"35","author":"Tugwell","year":"1962","journal-title":"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2424-x"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.02.007"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref21","first-page":"184","article-title":"Ectoparasites of carnivores in north-eastern Poland","volume":"62 (","author":"Karbowiak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of Parasitology"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.09.004"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.12.004"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-266"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref16","first-page":"13","article-title":"Ectoparasites from native and introduced birds from Christchurch and surrounding areas, New Zealand","volume":"16","author":"Galloway","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tuhinga"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030374"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.09.013"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000009689"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.04.003"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2014.12.001"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref46","first-page":"143","article-title":"Distribution of the tick Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius, 1794) (Ixodidae) in Poland","volume":"31","author":"Szyma\u0144ski","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica Polonica"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2391-2"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref38","first-page":"115","article-title":"An annotated checklist of the ticks (Acari: Ixodida) of Germany","volume":"17","author":"Petney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Systematic And Applied Acarology UK"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195135848.001.0001","volume-title":"Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics","author":"Nei","year":"2000"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.10.015"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.05.004"},{"key":"S003118202000116X_ref50","volume-title":"Klucze do Oznaczania Owad\u00f3w Polski; Cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 XVI Wszy \u2013 Anoplura. 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