{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:50:32Z","timestamp":1792594232666,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596412800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease of economic importance, relevant in the international movement of equids. The causative agents are at least two apicomplexan protozoan parasites\n                    <jats:italic>Babesia caballi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Theileria equi<\/jats:italic>\n                    . To date, there is no study that estimates global and regional exposure of equids to EP. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence and heterogeneity of EP using random-effects model. Six electronic databases were searched for publications on EP and assessed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 66 eligible studies published between 1990 and 2019 and representing 24 041 equids were included. The overall pooled prevalence estimates (PPEs) of\n                    <jats:italic>B. caballi<\/jats:italic>\n                    was 22.3% (95% CI 21.7\u201322.8), while the overall PPE for\n                    <jats:italic>T. equi<\/jats:italic>\n                    was 29.4% (95% CI 28.7\u201330.0). The overall pooled prevalence due to co-infection with both parasites was 11.8% (95% CI 11.32\u201312.32). Also, subgroup analysis according to sex, age, diagnostic technique, equid species, region and publication years showed a substantial degree of heterogeneity across studies computed for both\n                    <jats:italic>B. caballi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>T. equi<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections in equids. Awareness of the current status of EP globally will alert the relevant authorities and stakeholders where necessary on the need for better preventive and control strategies against the disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182020001407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T03:56:05Z","timestamp":1596426965000},"page":"1411-1424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Equine piroplasmosis: an insight into global exposure of equids from 1990 to 2019 by systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6738-2291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"ThankGod E.","family":"Onyiche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moeti O.","family":"Taioe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nthatisi I.","family":"Molefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullahi A.","family":"Biu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Luka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac J.","family":"Omeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoaki","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oriel","family":"Thekisoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.11.008"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.3.4.486","article-title":"Fixed-and random-effects models in meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Hedges","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2017-0025"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.03.021"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref2","first-page":"202","article-title":"Molecular detection of equine piroplasms in donkeys (Equus asinus) in North Khorasan province, Iran","volume":"16","author":"Abedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.12.028"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0477"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref60","unstructured":"OIE (2005) Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, ch. 2.5.6 Equine Piroplasmosis. Available at http:\/\/www.oie.int.eng.normes\/mmanual\/A_00084.htm (accessed 25 January 2011)."},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref52","first-page":"104","article-title":"A review of Theileria diagnostics and epidemiology","volume":"4","author":"Mans","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref51","first-page":"129","article-title":"Detection of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi using microscopic and molecular methods in horses in suburb of Urmia, Iran","volume":"5","author":"Malekifard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veterinary Research Forum"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.11.069"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(94)03111-9"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref21","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses in Spain","volume":"24","author":"Cort\u00e9s","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Serological and molecular prevalence of equine piroplasmosis in Western Java, Indonesia","volume":"14","author":"Nugraha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.64.325"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref22","first-page":"715","article-title":"Immunochromatographic assay of Babesia caballi and Babesia equi Laveran 1901 (Theileria equi Mehlhorn and Schein, 1998) (Phylum Apicomplexa) infection in Philippine horses correlated with parasite detection in blood smears","volume":"80","author":"Cruz-Flores","year":"2010","journal-title":"Veterinarski Arhiv"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.05.015"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.01.033"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/236278"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0917-1"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0726-1"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6005-5"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.07.005"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.02.005"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.06.006"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007002405"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1669-5"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.12.014"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.08.021","article-title":"Epidemiological study of equine piroplasmosis in Mongolia","volume":"127","author":"Boldbaatar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.09.025"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.011"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref6","first-page":"23","article-title":"Comparison between microscopic examination and competitive ELISA for diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis in Kelantan","volume":"7","author":"Al-Obaidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malaysia. Malaysia Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref61","unstructured":"OIE (2018) Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, ch. 3.5.8 Equine Piroplasmosis. Available at https:\/\/www.oie.int\/standard-setting\/terrestrial-manual\/access-online\/ (accessed 29 April 2020)."},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.03.189"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1539-9"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010814-021110"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16101736"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-005-5691-z"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.03.012"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3064.1"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref9","first-page":"141","article-title":"Prevalence of equine piroplasmosis in Central Mongolia","volume":"64","author":"Avarzed","year":"1997","journal-title":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.02.020"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2010.02.005"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2015.08.002"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jevs.2003.64"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020001407"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref10","first-page":"859","article-title":"Nested PCR detection of Theileria equi infection and frequency in horses imported into Mexico","volume":"13","author":"Ayala-Valdovinos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Veterinary Advances"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2007.12.009"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4161-9"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v75i2.12"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.035"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0193"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.01.026"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-008-9164-z"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.12.036"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020324"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref11","first-page":"245","article-title":"Prevalance of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in donkeys from Eastern Turkey in winter season","volume":"30","author":"Balkaya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pakistan Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.68.753"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00108-9"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.02.004"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1108-z"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref30","first-page":"204","article-title":"A sero-epidemiological survey of equine piroplasmosis in the northern and eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa","volume":"67","author":"Gummow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the South African Veterinary Association"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref42","first-page":"51","article-title":"Molecular and microscopic detection of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses in Kurdestan Province, Iran","volume":"72","author":"Kakekhani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Archives of Razi Institute"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.09.015"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.451"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2012.04.003"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref43","first-page":"11","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in horses and mules from Northern Thailand","volume":"24","author":"Kamyingkird","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Protozoology Research"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013000486","article-title":"Infections by Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in Jordanian equids: epidemiology and genetic diversity","volume":"140","author":"Qablan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4322\/rbpv.01804001"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.06.012"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.65.1015"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.01.011"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.02.008"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref75","first-page":"3","article-title":"Survey of equine piroplasmosis in the Savanna areas, Bauchi state, North-eastern Nigeria","volume":"25","author":"Sanusi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ippologia"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.04.010"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2997.1"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref81","first-page":"27","article-title":"Prevalence of piroplasmosis amongst local horses in Northeastern Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Turaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Science"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01244.x","article-title":"Equine babesiosis: seroprevalence, risk factors and comparison of different diagnostic methods in Jordan","volume":"59","author":"Abutarbush","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transboundary and Emerging Disease"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12168"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref48","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Veterinary Protozoology","author":"Levine","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076996"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.03.038"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.10.018"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-11-316"},{"key":"S0031182020001407_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.009"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182020001407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T04:19:14Z","timestamp":1605759554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182020001407\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182020001407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182020001407","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}