{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:30:13Z","timestamp":1791250213770,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600646400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects the livestock of 12.3 million Somalis and constrains their development and wellbeing. There is missing data on AAT in the country after the civil war of the 1990s. Therefore, this study has aimed to assess the prevalence of <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic> spp. in 614 blood samples from cattle (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 202), goats (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 206) and sheep (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 206) in Afgoye and Jowhar districts, Somalia using parasitological and molecular methods. Twenty-one out of 614 (3.4%; 95% CI: 2.1\u20135.2%) and 101\/614 (16.4%; 95% CI: 13.6\u201319.6%) ruminants were positive for <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic> spp. by buffy coat technique (BCT) and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. Using ITS1-PCR, the highest prevalence was observed in cattle (23.8%; 95% CI: 18.4\u201330.1%) followed by goats (17.5%; 95% CI: 12.9\u201323.3%) and sheep (8.3%; 95% CI: 5.1\u201312.9%). A total of 74\/101 (73.3%; 95% CI: 63.5\u201381.6%) ruminants were shown coinfection with at least two Trypanosome species. The four <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>-positive samples have tested negative for <jats:italic>T. b. rhodesiense,<\/jats:italic> by the human-serum-resistance-associated-PCR. <jats:italic>Trypanosoma evansi, T. godfreyi, T. vivax, T. brucei, T. simiae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic> were the <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic> species found in this study. This is the first study on the molecular detection of <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic> sp. in ruminants in Somalia. Further investigations and control measures are needed to manage Trypanosomiasis spreading in the country. Studies should also focus on the detection of <jats:italic>T. b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic> in the country.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003118202000178x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T04:19:34Z","timestamp":1600661974000},"page":"1786-1791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Parasitological and molecular detection of <i>Trypanosoma<\/i> spp. in cattle, goats and sheep in Somalia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1194-3525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Hassan-Kadle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdalla M.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamisi S.","family":"Nyingilili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulkarim A.","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael F. C.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003118202000178X_ref35","first-page":"9","article-title":"Molecular detection of some bovine trypanosome isolates from different areas of Sudan","volume":"31","author":"Osman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sudan Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S003118202000178X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(92)90047-O"},{"key":"S003118202000178X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(66)90024-1"},{"key":"S003118202000178X_ref13","unstructured":"Harberd, AJ (1988) Studies on the ecology and control of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Somalia (PhD Thesis). University of London, UK."},{"key":"S003118202000178X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300058314"},{"key":"S003118202000178X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0567-6"},{"key":"S003118202000178X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(89)90039-3"},{"key":"S003118202000178X_ref33","first-page":"380","article-title":"The impact of African animal trypanosomosis and tsetse on the livelihood and well-being of cattle and their owners in the BICOT study area of Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Oluwafemi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scientific Research and Essay"},{"key":"S003118202000178X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00270-4","article-title":"Applications of PCR-based tools for detection and identification of animal trypanosomes: a review and perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Desquesnes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"S003118202000178X_ref32","unstructured":"OIE Terrestrial Manual (2013) Chapter 2.4.17. Trypanosomosis (tsetse-transmitted). OIE, 1\u201311."},{"key":"S003118202000178X_ref16","unstructured":"ICRC Somalia (2017) Trapping the tsetse fly to save livestock and income. Retrieved from: http:\/\/blogs.icrc.org\/somalia\/2017\/06\/19\/resilience-trapping-tsetse-fly-save-livestock-income (Accessed 11 April 2018)."},{"key":"S003118202000178X_ref40","unstructured":"Salah, AA (2016) Epidemiological Studies on Camel Trypanosomosis (Surra) and its Control and Economic Impact in Somaliland (PhD Thesis). Murdoch University, CVM, Mudoch, Western Australia, Australia."},{"key":"S003118202000178X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02250840"},{"key":"S003118202000178X_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02265329"},{"key":"S003118202000178X_ref39","first-page":"18","article-title":"Temporal and spatial epidemiology of sleeping sickness and use of geographical information system (GIS) in Kenya","volume":"46","author":"Rutto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Vector Borne Diseases"},{"key":"S003118202000178X_ref27","first-page":"384","article-title":"An improved parasitological technique for diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"27","author":"Murray","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S003118202000178X_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.684"},{"key":"S003118202000178X_ref44","unstructured":"Swallow, BM (2000) Impacts of Trypanosomiasis on African Agriculture. 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