{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T16:10:23Z","timestamp":1772122223416,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    can infect almost all warm-blooded vertebrates with pathogensis being largely influenced by the host immune status. As important epidemiological hosts, rodents are globally distributed and are also commonly found infected with haemoflagellates, such as those in the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We here address whether and how co-infection with trypanosomes can influence\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in laboratory models. Rats of five strains, co-infected with\n                    <jats:italic>T. lewisi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and mice of four strains, co-infected with\n                    <jats:italic>T. musculi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , were found to be more or less susceptible to\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, respectively, with corresponding increased or decreased brain cyst burdens. Downregulation of iNOS expression and decreased NO production or reverse were observed in the peritoneal macrophages of rats or mice, infected with trypanosomes, respectively.\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma lewisi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>T. musculi<\/jats:italic>\n                    can modulate host immune responses, either by enhancement or suppression and influence the outcome of\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182021000196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T01:56:44Z","timestamp":1612403804000},"page":"703-711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Infection with\n                    <i>Trypanosoma lewisi<\/i>\n                    or\n                    <i>Trypanosoma musculi<\/i>\n                    may promote the spread of\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"148","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8582-4719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiang-Mei","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Si-Qi","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guo-Qing","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3754-9868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi-Shen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3608-0175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoff","family":"Hide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhao-Rong","family":"Lun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"De-Hua","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(02)00139-X"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.02.018"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref27","first-page":"981","article-title":"Immunosuppressor effect of Trypanosoma musculi (Mastigophora: Trypanosomatidae) on experimental toxoplasmosis","volume":"61","author":"Piccolo-Johanning","year":"2013","journal-title":"Revista de Biologia Tropical"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref20","first-page":"40","article-title":"The prevalence of Trypanosome lewisi in monkey and human in Changchun, China","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Zoonoses"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.12.001"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00071-5"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00227-6"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref28","first-page":"277","article-title":"Suppression by Trypanosoma cruzi of T-cell receptor expression by activated human lymphocytes","volume":"77","author":"Sztein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9292-1-2"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3661-3"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(94)90027-2"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2006.02.002"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00204-2"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.12.008"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref5","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Effect of Trypanosoma lewisi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) on the infection of white rats with Toxoplasma Gondii (Eucoccidia: Sarcocystidae) oocysts","volume":"46","author":"Catarinella Arrea","year":"1998","journal-title":"Revista de Biologia Tropical"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref4","first-page":"13","article-title":"The immunosuppressant effect of T. lewisi (Kinetoplastidae) infection on the multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii (Sarcocystidae) on alveolar and peritoneal macrophages of the white rat","volume":"57","author":"Carrera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Revista de Biologia Tropical"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref15","first-page":"877","article-title":"Increasing of Toxoplasma Gondii (Coccidia, Sarcocystidae) infections by Trypanosoma lewisi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) in white rats","volume":"45","author":"Guerrero","year":"1997","journal-title":"Revista de Biologia Tropical"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.11.6615-6619.2003"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01921937"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002256"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063650"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.4.990-994.1987"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.141.7.2407","article-title":"Release of reactive nitrogen intermediates and reactive oxygen intermediates from mouse peritoneal macrophages. Comparison of activating cytokines and evidence for independent production","volume":"141","author":"Ding","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2015.03.007"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1281-8"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.124.5.2481","article-title":"Trypanosome-mediated suppression of murine humoral immunity independent of typical suppressor cells","volume":"124","author":"Albright","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035834"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17655"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR2005100"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.34.2.378-381.1981"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(03)00177-X"},{"key":"S0031182021000196_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.103967"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182021000196","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T03:37:24Z","timestamp":1697773044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182021000196\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182021000196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182021000196","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-44371\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}