{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:35:13Z","timestamp":1790638513487,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is known for its ability to infect warm-blooded vertebrates. Although\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    does not appear to parasitize cold-blooded animals, the occurrence of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in marine mammals raises concerns that cold-blooded animals (frogs, toad, turtles, crocodiles, snakes, and fish) and shellfish are potential sources of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Therefore, this systematic review aimed to determine the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    in mollusks and cold-blooded animals worldwide. We searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to 1 August 2020 for eligible papers in the English language and identified 26 articles that reported the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    in mollusks and cold-blooded animals. These articles were subsequently reviewed and data extracted using a standard form. In total, 26 studies [involving 9 cross-sectional studies including 2988 samples of cold-blooded animals (129 positive cases for\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and 18 cross-sectional studies entailing 13 447 samples of shellfish (692 positive cases for\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    )] were included in this study. Although this study showed that shellfish and cold-blooded animals could be potential sources of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    for humans and other hosts that feed on them, further investigations are recommended to determine the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    in shellfish and cold-blooded animals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182021000433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T03:35:26Z","timestamp":1615433726000},"page":"895-903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["<i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    in mollusks and cold-blooded animals: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Tooran","family":"Nayeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahabeddin","family":"Sarvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8571-5803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Daryani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00181-4"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7909.2010.01001.x"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810388525"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.02.027"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12685"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.11.012"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.058"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.05.012"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-4-263"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2000)086[0526:BAMCOT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103687"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.4.357"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref74","first-page":"57","article-title":"The essential role of exopolymers (EPS) in aquatic systems","volume":"42","author":"Wotton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1287"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-7-76"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-296R"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.07.014"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.036"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref4","first-page":"19","article-title":"Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium spp. of some snakes in AL-Diwaniyah province\/Iraq","volume":"12","author":"Anah","year":"2018","journal-title":"EurAsian Journal of BioSciences"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref27","article-title":"Serological evidence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Melanosuchus niger (Spix, 1825) and Caimam crocodilus (Linnaeus, 1758)","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.08.002"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4238\/2015.May.4.25"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12630"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00067"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030125"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12227"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2015.01.001"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.02.005"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601438103"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.07.002"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2008153366"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.002"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00170-8"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in native freshwater fish Cyprinuscarpio in Wasit Province Iraq","volume":"4","author":"Aakool","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.10.022"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.11.012"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref18","volume-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: Clues From Stranded Dolphins","author":"Di Guardo","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.8.1756"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-6445(03)00071-8"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800049542"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3503RN.1"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.6.2065-2071.2001"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.07.001"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2015.04.001"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.267"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2009.10.2.147"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.029"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06514-11"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4711-9"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-009-0849-0"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012369542-0\/50005-2"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref38","first-page":"2","article-title":"Moluscos bivalves destinados ao consumo humano como vetores de protozo\u00e1rios patog\u00eanicos: metodologias de detec\u00e7\u00e3o e normas de controle","volume":"1","author":"Leal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Continente"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1976.tb03821.x"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5832-8"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref37","first-page":"e05495","article-title":"Public health risks associated with food-borne parasites","volume":"16","author":"Koutsoumanis","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.09.007"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref19","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of animals and man","author":"Dubey","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.08.008"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0290023"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-18-157"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00070-X"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12564"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00355"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/af.2012-0061"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050248"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612020050"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref26","article-title":"Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in mammals, birds and reptiles at the zoological-botanical park in Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, Para\u00edba, Brazil","volume":"84","author":"Feitosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arquivos do Instituto Biol\u00f3gico"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01405-7"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991065"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00526-X"},{"key":"S0031182021000433_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12080"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182021000433","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T07:21:39Z","timestamp":1636096899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182021000433\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182021000433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182021000433","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}