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Here, we studied mixed-species breeding colonies formed after the provision of artificial breeding structures for restoring the lesser kestrel (<jats:italic>Falco naumanni<\/jats:italic>) population in Portugal, to investigate the influence of colony traits on ectoparasite infestation. We sampled four groups of ectoparasites (carnid flies, haematophagous mites, louse flies and chewing lice) in four hosts: lesser kestrels, European rollers (<jats:italic>Coracias garrulus<\/jats:italic>), feral pigeons (<jats:italic>Columba livia<\/jats:italic>) and spotless starlings (<jats:italic>Sturnus unicolor<\/jats:italic>). Each host species had a distinct infracommunity of ectoparasites, regardless of colony traits such as size, density or host richness. The abundance of the most common ectoparasite,<jats:italic>Carnus hemapterus<\/jats:italic>, was influenced by colony composition \u2013 number of nests of each host species \u2013 rather than by colony size or density, with its abundance being diluted with increasing numbers of less suitable hosts such as starlings. The increased contact between multiple species of hosts in breeding colonies may complexify host\u2013parasite interactions and challenge our current knowledge on the ecological relationships between host sociality and parasitism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182021000470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T09:33:43Z","timestamp":1615973623000},"page":"904-912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Influence of colony traits on ectoparasite infestation in birds breeding in mixed-species colonies"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"148","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9871-9763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Gameiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1140-2411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2266-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Valera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4734-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge M.","family":"Palmeirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5593-5001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Catry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2012.20374.x"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336-010-0529-5"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1938676"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008004885"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/pao.2017.23"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref23","first-page":"515","volume-title":"Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds","author":"Clayton","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0764-3"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2010.02210.x"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3356\/0892-1016-54.1.66"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2009.07.011"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref65","first-page":"265","article-title":"Cycle de reproduction et abondance du dipt\u00e8re parasite Carnus hemapterus dans les niches de chouettes effraies Tyto alba","volume":"66","author":"Roulin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alauda"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1370060"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref31","volume-title":"The Bird Flies, Genus Carnus: Species Revision, Generic Relationships, and a fossil Meoneura in amber (Diptera, Carnidae)","author":"Grimaldi","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006009899"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1368958"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2020.106638"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2017.08.009"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0116"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2018.12.009"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.06.015"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/cr01329"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018001233"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284563"},{"key":"S0031182021000470_ref64","unstructured":"R Core team (2016) A language and environment for statistical computing. 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