{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:00:36Z","timestamp":1792684836842,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Echinococcus granulosus<\/jats:italic> sensu lato has complex defence mechanisms that protect it from the anti-parasitic immune response for long periods. <jats:italic>Echinococcus granulosus<\/jats:italic> cyst fluid (EgCF) is involved in the immune escape. Nevertheless, whether and how EgCF modulates the inflammatory response in macrophages remains poorly understood. Here, real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that EgCF could markedly attenuate the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of pro-inflammatory factors including tumour necrosis factor-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-6 but increase the expression of IL-10 at mRNA and protein levels in mouse peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells. Mechanically, western blotting and immunofluorescence assay showed that EgCF abolished the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B p65, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and ERK1\/2 signalling pathways by LPS stimulation in mouse macrophages. EgCF's anti-inflammatory role was at least partly contributed by promoting proteasomal degradation of the critical adaptor TRAF6. Moreover, the EgCF-promoted anti-inflammatory response and TRAF6 proteasomal degradation were conserved in human THP-1 macrophages. These findings collectively reveal a novel mechanism by which EgCF suppresses inflammatory responses by inhibiting TRAF6 and the downstream activation of NF-<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B and MAPK signalling in both human and mouse macrophages, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the <jats:italic>E. granulosus<\/jats:italic>-induced immune evasion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182021000548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T08:20:49Z","timestamp":1617006049000},"page":"887-894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["<i>Echinococcus granulosus<\/i> cyst fluid suppresses inflammatory responses by inhibiting TRAF6 signalling in 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