{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:44:08Z","timestamp":1786999448029,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, and an important problem of public health. The current treatment for toxoplasmosis is the combination of pyrimethamine and sulphadiazine, which do not act in the chronic phase of toxoplasmosis and have several side-effects. This study evaluated the anti-\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    activity and potential mechanism of\n                    <jats:italic>Moringa oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    seeds\u2019 aqueous extract\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The concentration of\n                    <jats:italic>M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract in HeLa cells was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell viability assays. The presence of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and toluidine blue staining. Pyrimethamine and sulphadiazine were used as drug controls. Modifications in\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    morphology and ultrastructure were observed by electron microscopy.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the\n                    <jats:italic>M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract had no toxic effect on HeLa cells at concentrations below 50\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    g mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>Moringa oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract inhibits\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    invasion and intracellular proliferation with similar results for sulphadiazine + pyrimethamine, and also shows cellular nitric oxide production at a concentration of 30\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    g mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Electron microscopy analyses indicated structural and ultrastructural modifications in tachyzoites after treatment. We also observed an increase in reactive oxygen species production and a loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity. Nile Red staining assays demonstrated a lipid accumulation. Annexin V\u2013fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide staining demonstrated that the main action of\n                    <jats:italic>M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract in\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    tachyzoites was compatible with late apoptosis. In conclusion,\n                    <jats:italic>M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract has anti-\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    activity\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and might be a promising substance for the development of a new anti-\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    drug.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182021001086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T22:18:36Z","timestamp":1625005116000},"page":"1447-1457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["<i>Moringa oleifera<\/i>\n                    extract promotes apoptosis-like death in\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    tachyzoites\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"148","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8796-5769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Let\u00edcia","family":"Nishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5239-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel Arruda da Silva","family":"Sanfelice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna Taciane","family":"da Silva Bortoleti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7273-8237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Tomiotto-Pellissier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylon 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\u00a9 The Author(s), 2021. 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