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Whether this could be due to an independent evolutionary origin or multiple introduction of trypanosomes due to continuous movement of livestock between tsetse-free and -infested areas is not known. Thus, the aim of the study was to carry out microsatellite genotyping to explore intra-specific genetic diversity between <jats:italic>T.<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Trypanozoon<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Trypanosoma vivax<\/jats:italic> from the two regions: tsetse infested and tsetse free. Microsatellite genotyping showed geographical origin-based structuring among <jats:italic>T.<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Trypanozoon<\/jats:italic>) isolates. There was a clear separation between isolates from the two regions signalling the potential of microsatellite markers as diagnostic markers for <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Trypanosoma evansi<\/jats:italic> isolates. <jats:italic>Trypanosoma vivax<\/jats:italic> isolates also clustered largely based on the sampling location with a significant differentiation between the two locations. However, our results revealed that <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic> isolates from Northern Kenya are not genetically separated from those from Coastal Kenya. Therefore, these isolates are likely introduced in the region through animal movement. Our results demonstrate the occurrence of both genetic connectivity as well as independent evolutionary origin, depending on the trypanosome species between the two ecologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182021001815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T14:04:09Z","timestamp":1635429849000},"page":"285-297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Genetic connectivity of trypanosomes between tsetse-infested and tsetse-free areas of Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"Naomi N.","family":"Kimenyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelvin M.","family":"Kimenyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson 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