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Furthermore, as human, and canine VL causes immunosuppression, the combination of drugs with immunostimulatory agents is interesting to upregulate the immunity, reducing side-effects, improving treatment approaches against disease. Herein, we assessed the immunochemotherapy using miltefosine along with a vaccine formulated by <jats:italic>Leishmania braziliensis<\/jats:italic> antigens + saponin + monophosphoryl lipid-A (LBSapMPL) in <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>-infected hamsters. Two months after infection, the animals received treatments, and after 15 days they were evaluated for the treatment effect. The potential anti-<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> effect of miltefosine + LBSapMPL-vaccine was revealed by a specific immune response activation reflecting in control of spleen parasitism using half the miltefosine treatment time. The treated animals also showed an increase of total and T-CD4 splenocytes producing IFN-<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> and TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> and a decrease of interleukin-10 and <jats:italic>anti-Leishmania<\/jats:italic> circulating IgG. In addition, it was demonstrated that the control of spleen parasitism is related to the generation of a protective Th1 immune response. Hence, due to the combinatorial action of miltefosine with LBSapMPL-vaccine in immunostimulating and controlling parasitism, this immunochemotherapy protocol can be an important alternative option against canine and human VL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182021001906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T08:50:49Z","timestamp":1635843049000},"page":"371-379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Immunochemotherapy for visceral leishmaniasis: combinatorial action of Miltefosine plus LBSapMPL vaccine improves adaptative Th1 immune response with control of splenic parasitism in experimental hamster model"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"L\u00edvia Mendes","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miri\u00e3 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