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Two of these parasites,<jats:italic>S. neurona<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Neospora<\/jats:italic>spp. are associated with a neurological syndrome in horses, called equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). The diagnosis and treatment of EPM are difficult. Most cases of EPM are related to<jats:italic>S. neurona<\/jats:italic>while only a few are due to<jats:italic>Neospora<\/jats:italic>spp. infections. There are two species of<jats:italic>Neospora<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Neospora caninum<\/jats:italic>that has a wide host range and<jats:italic>Neospora hughesi<\/jats:italic>that has been found only in horses. Currently,<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>is not considered as a cause of EPM in horses, although it causes neurological illness in many other hosts, including humans. The present review provides an update on history, life cycle, diagnosis and treatment of these three infections in horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182021002055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T08:14:33Z","timestamp":1646813673000},"page":"717-728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["<i>Sarcocystis neurona<\/i>,<i>Neospora<\/i>spp. and<i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>infections in horses and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM): five decades of personal experience, perspectives and update"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4455-2870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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