{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:38:48Z","timestamp":1791848328290,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/136\/33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A growing body of research implicates inflammation as a potential pathway in the aetiology and pathophysiology of some mental illnesses. A systematic review was conducted to determine the association between parasitic infection and mental illnesses in humans in Africa and reviewed the state of the evidence available. The search focused on publications from Africa documenting the relationship between parasites from two parasite groups, helminths and protozoans, and four classifications of mental illness: mood affective disorders, neurotic and stress-related disorders, schizotypal disorders and unspecified mental illnesses. In the 26 reviewed papers, the prevalence of mental illness was significantly higher in people with parasitic infection compared to those without infection, i.e., 58.2% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 41.8% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). An overall odds ratio found that the association of having a mental illness when testing positive for a parasitic infection was four times that of people without infection. Whilst the study showed significant associations between parasite infection and mental illness, it also highlights gaps in the present literature on the pathophysiology of mental illness in people exposed to parasite infection. This study highlighted the importance of an integrated intervention for parasitic infection and mental illness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182022000166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T11:28:52Z","timestamp":1644838132000},"page":"1003-1018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Impact of parasitic infection on mental health and illness in humans in Africa: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9128-6777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra R.","family":"Lampard-Scotford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"McCauley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius Arthur","family":"Kuebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Ibbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Mutapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/cp.2017.987"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2014.12.006"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2012_211"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-6-15"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-016-0063-x"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S204579601500089X"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru154"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12211"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00812463211012177"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38111"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005567"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2020.01.016"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007092"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610362104"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000067790"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref35","unstructured":"Parekh, R (2018) What is mental illness?. Available at https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/patients-families\/what-is-mental-illness."},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(99)00035-4"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902971106"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-009-9326-4"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.04.009"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.05.007"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988311406981"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.09.006"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000085139"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0267-5"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.214"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2004.01605.x"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.04.009"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.48"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7933-4"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.165"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.06.006"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.67"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4044-5"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008173"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref32","first-page":"6","article-title":"Economic burden of infectious diseases and benefit of control and prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"2","author":"Orish","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Access Library Journal"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002540"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.05.008"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00145-5"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0585"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.03.017"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002106"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihv071"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref5b","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/BJMMR\/2014\/5453"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.03.007"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.194"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4030102"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.07.007"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2010.100248"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.607269"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref54","unstructured":"WHO (2020) Soil-transmitted helminth infections. Available at https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections."},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005090"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref57a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.12-3-295"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref59","first-page":"27","article-title":"Emotional difficulties and experiences of stigma among persons with lymphatic Filariasis in Plateau State, Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"Abdulmalik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health and Human Rights"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223313"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Out of the shadows-making mental health a global development priority","volume":"3","author":"Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mental Health Matters"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3413"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.5"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref5a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-9-59"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3959-6"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03543231"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181c29a23"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.08.011"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.03.008"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(18)30078-1"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/146642400412400315"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181975"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.02.009"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.06.004"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7241\/ourd.20171.21"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5651717"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2007.01.011"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.20.1.47"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref75","first-page":"87","article-title":"Pattern and perception of onchocerciasis among women in Oncho-endemic areas of Imo State of Nigeria","volume":"10","author":"Nwoke","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Medicine and Health Development"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-0859-7"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.11.006"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref5c","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/RRTM.S278138"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref55","unstructured":"WHO, W and DO, WDT (2017) World Health Day\u2013DEPRESSION. Depression, 3."},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamapsychiatry.4"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00505-2"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(00)00041-2"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref16","first-page":"255","volume-title":"Antidepressants: From Biogenic Amines to New Mechanisms of Action","author":"Felger","year":"2019"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.11.016"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01696"},{"key":"S0031182022000166_ref54a","unstructured":"WHO (1992) The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization."}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182022000166","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T09:34:09Z","timestamp":1658309649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182022000166\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182022000166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182022000166","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}